{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:05:52Z","timestamp":1790654752329,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":371,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAMD17-01-1-0764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAMD17-01-1-0764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES09883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES09883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of California San Francisco Research Evaluation and Allocation Committee","award":["525017-37710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["525017-37710"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]],"date-time":"2018-03-16T14:32:14Z","timestamp":1521210734000},"page":"961-966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of early trauma and the FKBP5 gene on PTSD and the HPA axis in a clinical sample of Gulf War veterans"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"Dmitri A.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabra S.","family":"Inslicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Metzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Neylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.044","article-title":"Hippocampal volume differences in Gulf War veterans with current versus lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"69","author":"Apfel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.81","article-title":"Moderation of adult depression by a polymorphism in the FKBP5 gene and childhood physical abuse in the general population","volume":"36","author":"Appel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0003","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Ed. (DSM-IV-TR)","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.152","article-title":"Interaction between FKBP5 and childhood trauma and risk of aggressive behavior","volume":"69","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1291","article-title":"Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults","volume":"299","author":"Binder","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0006","first-page":"75","article-title":"The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale","volume":"8","author":"Blake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.235","article-title":"Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans","volume":"150","author":"Bremner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.431","article-title":"A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma: a prospective epidemiological study","volume":"65","author":"Breslau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.12.001","article-title":"Moderating role of FKBP5 genotype in the impact of childhood adversity on cortisol stress response during adulthood","volume":"24","author":"Buchmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32564","article-title":"Single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis as risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"174","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005","article-title":"Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder\u2014what do we know?","volume":"63","author":"Castro-Vale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.01.004","article-title":"Response of the HPA-axis to alcohol and stress as a function of alcohol dependence and family history of alcoholism","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100531200","article-title":"A new first step in activation of steroid receptors hormone-induced switching of FKBP51 and FKBP52 immunophilins","volume":"277","author":"Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080194","article-title":"Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance abuse: findings from a national survey","volume":"66","author":"Duncan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2006.07.001","article-title":"Neuroticism and low educational level predict the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in women after miscarriage or stillbirth","volume":"28","author":"Engelhard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0016","series-title":"User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders: SCID-II","author":"First","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.08.026","article-title":"Characteristics and drinking patterns of veterans with alcohol dependence with and without post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"39","author":"Fuehrlein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23123","article-title":"Effect of the interaction between childhood abuse and rs1360780 of the FKBP5 gene on gray matter volume in a general population sample","volume":"37","author":"Grabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0019","first-page":"366","article-title":"Trauma history questionnaire","volume":"1","author":"Green","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meas. Stress Trauma Adapt."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.10.032","article-title":"Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene\u2013environment interactions, and epigenetics","volume":"233","author":"Heim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20494","article-title":"Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect","volume":"52","author":"Heim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf187","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans","volume":"157","author":"Kang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.006","article-title":"Gene\u202f\u00d7\u202fenvironment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution","volume":"75","author":"Keller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001727","article-title":"Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with peritraumatic dissociation in medically injured children","volume":"10","author":"Koenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e318288e333","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood physical and sexual abuse in veterans with psychiatric diagnoses","volume":"201","author":"Koola","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.017","article-title":"Association among clinical response, hippocampal volume, and FKBP5 gene expression in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder receiving cognitive behavioral therapy","volume":"74","author":"Levy-Gigi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2165\/11539710-000000000-00000","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of alcohol dependence in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"24","author":"McCarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024877","article-title":"Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults","volume":"191","author":"Meewisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.03.009","article-title":"Gene\u202f\u00d7\u202fenvironment vulnerability factors for PTSD: the HPA-axis","volume":"62","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.5.753","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"91","author":"Molnar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.10.005","article-title":"PTSD symptoms predict waking salivary cortisol levels in police officers","volume":"30","author":"Neylan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00094-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and its relationship to dexamethasone suppression test outcome in depressed patients and healthy control subjects","volume":"41","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)01008-4","article-title":"Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity","volume":"61","author":"Pruessner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00108-7","article-title":"Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change","volume":"28","author":"Pruessner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0575-z","article-title":"Prevalence of, risk factors for, and consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems in military populations deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan","volume":"17","author":"Ramchand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06455.x","article-title":"Alcohol self\u2010administration acutely stimulates the hypothalamic\u2010pituitary\u2010adrenal axis, but alcohol dependence leads to a dampened neuroendocrine state","volume":"28","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001636","article-title":"Peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles identify emergent post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors","volume":"10","author":"Segman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Attachment style moderates effects of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse on post-traumatic stress symptoms: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study","author":"Tamman","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4pt2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000991","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and methylation of FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5)","volume":"27","author":"Tyrka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.04.001","article-title":"FKBP5 polymorphisms, childhood abuse, and PTSD symptoms: results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study","volume":"69","author":"Watkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0042","series-title":"The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Utility","author":"Weathers","year":"1993"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00332","article-title":"The relationship between Gulf War illness, brain N-acetylaspartate, and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"176","author":"Weiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.49","article-title":"The role of FKBP5 genotype in moderating long-term effectiveness of exposure-based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"4","author":"Wilker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.37","article-title":"Interaction of FKBP5 with childhood adversity on risk for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04979.x","article-title":"Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post\u2010traumatic stress disorder","volume":"1179","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.034","article-title":"Gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to the World Trade Center attacks","volume":"66","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1969-6","article-title":"Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD","volume":"212","author":"Yehuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.06.009","article-title":"The use of biomarkers in the military: from theory to practice","volume":"38","author":"Yehuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1218","article-title":"Mini review: stress-related psychiatric disorders with low cortisol levels: a metabolic hypothesis","volume":"152","author":"Yehuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0052","first-page":"33","article-title":"Childhood abuse experiences and combat-related PTSD","volume":"7","author":"Zaidi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111577","article-title":"Interaction of FKBP5 gene variants and adverse life events in predicting depression onset: results from a 10-year prospective community study","volume":"168","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178117320681?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178117320681?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T05:30:43Z","timestamp":1759037443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178117320681"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0165178117320681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of early trauma and the FKBP5 gene on PTSD and the HPA axis in a clinical sample of Gulf War veterans","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.03.037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}