{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:02:22Z","timestamp":1792803742064,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1538478503000},"page":"389-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Body-focused repetitive behaviors: More prevalent than once thought?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"270","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Houghton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0001","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders \u2013 DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230500295354","article-title":"Pathologic hairpulling, skin picking, and nail biting","volume":"17","author":"Bohne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445502026003002","article-title":"Skin picking in German students: prevalence, phenomenology, and associated characteristics","volume":"26","author":"Bohne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90019-1","article-title":"Feather picking disorder and trichotillomania: an avian model of human psychopathology","volume":"25","author":"Bordnick","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Behav. Therapy Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J019v22n01_02","article-title":"Negative peer evaluation in adolescents: effects of tic disorders and trichotillomania","volume":"22","author":"Boudjouk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Fam. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.77.2.332","article-title":"Subclinical self-harm: range of behaviors, extent, and associated characteristics","volume":"77","author":"Croyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9150-4","article-title":"The phenomenology of hairpulling in college students","volume":"32","author":"Duke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1972.tb00163.x","article-title":"Hand movements","volume":"22","author":"Ekman","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00845292","article-title":"Factors associated with nocturnal bruxism and its treatment","volume":"3","author":"Funch","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31818d4328","article-title":"The child and adolescent trichotillomania impact project: descriptive psychopathology, comorbidity, functional impairment, and treatment utilization","volume":"29","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(81)90044-5","article-title":"Incidence of diurnal and nocturnal bruxism","volume":"45","author":"Glaros","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2184","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric inpatients","volume":"162","author":"Grant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0013","series-title":"Trichotillomania, skin picking, and other body-focused repetitive behaviors","author":"Grant","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1018","article-title":"Impulse-control disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: co-occurring disorders and sex differences","volume":"68","author":"Grant","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455900141005","article-title":"Habits with potential as disorders: prevalence, severity, and other characteristics among college students","volume":"14","author":"Hansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.008","article-title":"Skin picking behaviors: an examination of the prevalence and severity in a community sample","volume":"23","author":"Hayes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anx. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2016.1144438","article-title":"DSM-5 Trichotillomania: perception of adults with trichotillomania after psychosocial treatment","volume":"79","author":"Houghton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181fa73ef","article-title":"Psychocutaneous disorders: a survey study of psychiatrists\u2019 awareness and treatment patterns","volume":"103","author":"Jafferany","year":"2010","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04372.x","article-title":"The knowledge, awareness, and practice patterns of dermatologists toward psychocutaneous disorders: results of a survey study","volume":"49","author":"Jafferany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0020","series-title":"Neurobiology of Grooming Behavior","author":"Kalueff","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.41.3.210","article-title":"Repetitive skin-picking in a student population and comparison with a sample of self-injurious skin-pickers","volume":"41","author":"Keuthen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"7531","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7531.1503","article-title":"Barbering in mice: a model for trichotillomania","volume":"331","author":"Kurien","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.921","article-title":"Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Manfredini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183806","article-title":"Pathological grooming: evidence of a single factor behind trichotillomania, skin picking and nail biting","volume":"12","author":"Maraz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070510010657a","article-title":"Investigating healthcare providers\u2019 knowledge of trichotillomania and its treatment","volume":"35","author":"Marcks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.04.006","article-title":"Impulse control disorders in psychiatric inpatients","volume":"188","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.07.007","article-title":"The effects of severity and causal explanation on social perceptions of hair loss","volume":"1","author":"Ricketts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.008","article-title":"How related are hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania) and skin picking disorder? A review of evidence for comorbidity, similarities and shared etiology","volume":"32","author":"Snorrason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.427","article-title":"Are suicide attempters who self-mutilate a unique population","volume":"158","author":"Stanley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/09540269209066312","article-title":"Suicide and the self-harm continuum: phenomenological and biochemical evidence","volume":"4","author":"Stanley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445502026003003","article-title":"Body-focused repetitive behavior problems: prevalence in a nonreferred population and differences in perceived somatic activity","volume":"26","author":"Teng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09971.x","article-title":"Non-verbal behavior deficits in schizophrenia: an ethological study of drug-free patients","volume":"97","author":"Troisi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60135-3","article-title":"Association between self-reported bruxism activity and occurrence of dental attrition, abfraction, and occlusal pits on natural teeth","volume":"100","author":"Tsiggos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prost. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.08.007","article-title":"The skin picking impact project: phenomenology, interference, and treatment utilization of pathological skin picking in a population-based sample","volume":"25","author":"Tucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anx. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.86.3.306","article-title":"Nonverbal cues for anxiety: an examination of emotional leakage","volume":"86","author":"Waxer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.09.010","article-title":"Shame in the obsessive compulsive related disorders: a conceptual review","volume":"171","author":"Weingarden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Aff. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1207","article-title":"The trichotillomania impact project (TIP): exploring phenomenology, functional impairment, and treatment utilization","volume":"67","author":"Woods","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022839609859","article-title":"Evaluating the social acceptability of persons with habit disorders: the effects of topography, frequency, and gender manipulation","volume":"21","author":"Woods","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1055860","article-title":"Evidence-based psychosocial treatments of pediatric body-focused repetitive behavior disorders","volume":"45","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child. Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455960202005","article-title":"Habits, tics, and stuttering: prevalence and relation to anxiety and somatic awareness","volume":"20","author":"Woods","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178118308734?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178118308734?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T17:00:20Z","timestamp":1544202020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178118308734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0165178118308734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Body-focused repetitive behaviors: More prevalent than once thought?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.10.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}