{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:30:54Z","timestamp":1793147454787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"M","award":["502-03\/6-164-01\/502-64-106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["502-03\/6-164-01\/502-64-106"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"edical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/6-164-01\/503-61-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-164-01\/503-61-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"edical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503\/6-164-01\/503-66-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-164-01\/503-66-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]],"date-time":"2018-12-27T20:23:44Z","timestamp":1545942224000},"page":"540-550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The expression of toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is altered in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Agier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Wysoki\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"\u0141ucka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sobierajska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Brzezi\u0144ska-B\u0142aszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(90)90005-R","article-title":"A depression rating scale for schizophrenics","volume":"3","author":"Addington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.04.044","article-title":"IL-6, IL-18, sIL-2R, and TNF\u03b1 proinflammatory markers in depression and schizophrenia patients who are free of overt inflammation","volume":"182","author":"Al-Hakeim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.04.001","article-title":"Increased level of serum cytokines, chemokines and adipokines in patients with schizophrenia is associated with disease and metabolic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Beumer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10256","article-title":"Cultured astrocytes express toll-like receptors for bacterial products","volume":"43","author":"Bowman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00050-8","article-title":"Network interactions in schizophrenia - therapeutic implications","volume":"31","author":"Carlsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.04.049","article-title":"Expression of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and inflammatory associated factors in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"187","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007038","article-title":"The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset","volume":"29","author":"Corcoran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04788.x","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 protein is released by neural cells upon different stresses and worsens ischemic neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo","volume":"103","author":"Faraco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0009","article-title":"Depression and sterile inflammation: essential role of danger associated molecular patterns","author":"Franklin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0010","first-page":"449","article-title":"Interleukin-6: the missing element of the neurocognitive deterioration in schizophrenia? The focus on genetic underpinnings, cognitive impairment and clinical manifestation","volume":"265","author":"Frydecka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150195","article-title":"Evidence of activation of the Toll-like receptor-4 proinflammatory pathway in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Garc\u00eda-Bueno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.017","article-title":"IL-8 and the innate immunity as biomarkers in acute child and adolescent psychopathology","volume":"62","author":"Gariup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00567-7","article-title":"Stress in schizophrenia: an integrative view","volume":"405","author":"Gispen-de Wied","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4087-7","article-title":"Antidepressants normalize elevated Toll-like receptor profile in major depressive disorder","volume":"233","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.07.074","article-title":"Association between toll-like receptors expression and major depressive disorder","volume":"220","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3092","article-title":"Toll-like receptor status in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a translational perspective","volume":"99","author":"Jialal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.08.019","article-title":". Associations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia and comparison groups","volume":"168","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0208-4","article-title":". Deficit schizophrenia is a discrete diagnostic category defined by neuro-immune and neurocognitive features: results of supervised machine learning","volume":"33","author":"Kanchanatawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.03.020","article-title":"Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in major depressive disorder","volume":"40","author":"K\u00e9ri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.12.011","article-title":"Antipsychotics influence Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and its relationship with cognitive functions in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"K\u00e9ri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00122-9","article-title":"Inflammation and immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"2","author":"Khandaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00091-8","article-title":"Identification of antibodies to heat shock proteins 90\u202fkDa and 70\u202fkDa in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2004.05.047","article-title":"Th1, Th2 and Th3 cytokine alteration in schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00003-6","article-title":"Increased serum S100B protein in schizophrenia: a study in medication-free patients","volume":"35","author":"Lara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(99)00062-0","article-title":"Effects of atypical antipsychotics on the inflammatory response system in schizophrenic patients resistant to treatment with typical neuroleptics","volume":"10","author":"Maes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)02915-0","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in schizophrenia, mania and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs","volume":"66","author":"Maes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.06.051","article-title":"Increased complement classical and mannan-binding lectin pathway activities in schizophrenia","volume":"404","author":"Mayilyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.049","article-title":"Impaired monocyte activation in schizophrenia","volume":"198","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3916","article-title":"Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.09.009","article-title":"The role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory responses against alginate based microcapsules","volume":"172","author":"Paredes-Juarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.07.015","article-title":". Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in schizophrenia: a review","volume":"24","author":"Plitman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.036.2009","article-title":"Is there a degenerative process going on in the brain of people with Schizophrenia?","volume":"3","author":"Rund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.08.009","article-title":"Novel immune response to gluten in individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"118","author":"Samaroo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.02.025","article-title":". Gastrointestinal inflammation and associated immune activation in schizophrenia","volume":"138","author":"Severance","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.07.005","article-title":"Complement C1q formation of immune complexes with milk caseins and wheat glutens in schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Severance","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.05.018","article-title":"Discordant patterns of bacterial translocation markers and implications for innate immune imbalances in schizophrenia","volume":"148","author":"Severance","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.04.012","article-title":"Effect of neuroleptic administration on serum levels of soluble IL-2 receptor-alpha and IL-1 receptor antagonist in schizophrenic patients","volume":"134","author":"Sirota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028397","article-title":"Reduced total complement haemolytic activity in schizophrenic patients","volume":"23","author":"Spivak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0098-x","article-title":". Acute schizophrenia is accompanied by reduced T cell and increased B cell immunity","volume":"260","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.018","article-title":"Increased S100B+ NK cell counts in acutely ill schizophrenia patients are correlated with the free cortisol index, but not with S100B serum levels","volume":"26","author":"Steiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13798","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702553104","article-title":"Pivotal role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and functional deficits","volume":"104","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0042","first-page":"81","article-title":"Glutamate uptake is stimulated by extracellular S100B in hippocampal astrocytes","volume":"26","author":"Tramontina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2017.1380200","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: significance, ligands, signaling pathways, and functions in mammals","volume":"37","author":"Vidya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141248","article-title":"Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.024","article-title":"Decreased interleukin-10 serum levels in first-episode drug-na\u00efve schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology","volume":"156","author":"Xiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.09.014","article-title":"Interaction of BDNF with cytokines in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.10.012","article-title":"Increased S100B serum levels in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia: association with dyskinetic movements","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138_bib0048","first-page":"3818","article-title":"Analysis of the changes of serum high mobility group protein B1 and cytokines in first-episode schizophrenia patients","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178118312927?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178118312927?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T05:31:15Z","timestamp":1759037475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178118312927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0165178118312927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The expression of toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is altered in schizophrenia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}