{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:23:04Z","timestamp":1785738184131,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/CPHE\/18\/1\/503956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/CPHE\/18\/1\/503956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]],"date-time":"2019-12-03T21:20:04Z","timestamp":1575408004000},"page":"112727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pattern of expression of Toll like receptor (TLR)-3 and -4 genes in drug-na\u00efve and antipsychotic treated patients diagnosed with schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"285","author":[{"given":"Renu","family":"Balaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjula","family":"Subbanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkataram","family":"Shivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazal","family":"Abdul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesan","family":"Venkatasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monojit","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0002","series-title":"The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms","author":"Andreasen","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0003","series-title":"The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms","author":"Andreasen","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000562","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of human Toll-like receptors and their different contributions to host defense","volume":"5","author":"Barreiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.04.001","article-title":"Increased level of serum cytokines, chemokines and adipokines in patients with schizophrenia is associated with disease and metabolic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Beumer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.11.1013","article-title":"Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Bsibsi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.04.049","article-title":"Expression of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and inflammatory associated factors in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"187","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.10.055","article-title":"Innate immune response is differentially dysregulated between bipolar disease and schizophrenia","volume":"161","author":"de Baumont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150195","article-title":"Evidence of activation of the Toll-like receptor-4 proinflammatory pathway in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Garcia-Bueno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci. JPN"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110164","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in health and disease in the brain: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"121","author":"Hanke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1078","article-title":"Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function","volume":"102","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson, Z.D., Miller, B.J., Meta-Analysis of cytokine and chemokine genes in schizophrenia. Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses 12, 121\u2013129B.","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.HUMI.070516"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.04.058","article-title":"Association between genetic polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and schizophrenia in the Korean population","volume":"526","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037767","article-title":"Expression of Toll-like receptors in the developing brain","volume":"7","author":"Kaul","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.12.011","article-title":"Antipsychotics influence Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and its relationship with cognitive functions in schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Keri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.138","article-title":"The expression of toll-like receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is altered in schizophrenia","volume":"272","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0712-5","article-title":"Immuno-psychiatry: an agenda for clinical practice and innovative research","volume":"14","author":"Leboyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.08.005","article-title":"Differential regulation of the TLR4 signalling pathway in post-mortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in chronic schizophrenia: relationship with SP transcription factors","volume":"79","author":"MacDowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125112","article-title":"Altered activation of innate immunity associates with white matter volume and diffusion in first-episode psychosis","volume":"10","author":"Mantyla","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.37","article-title":"Enhanced peripheral toll-like receptor responses in psychosis: further evidence of a pro-inflammatory phenotype","volume":"1","author":"McKernan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00372","article-title":"The role of inflammation in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.4.450","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: a growing family of immune receptors that are differentially expressed and regulated by different leukocytes","volume":"67","author":"Muzio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047522","article-title":"Evidence for a developmental role for TLR4 in learning and memory","volume":"7","author":"Okun","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005807107","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits memory retention and constrains adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Okun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.02.005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling in neural plasticity and disease","volume":"34","author":"Okun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01121-6","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"388","author":"Owen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1629","article-title":"Toll-like receptors modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Rolls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16549","article-title":"Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4","volume":"530","author":"Sekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0334-7","article-title":"Increased synapse elimination by microglia in schizophrenia patient-derived models of synaptic pruning","volume":"22","author":"Sellgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0028","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.2001.00458.x","article-title":"Roles of Toll-like receptors in innate immune responses","volume":"6","author":"Takeda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.04.001","article-title":"The trips (Toll-like receptors in immuno-inflammatory pathogenesis) hypothesis: a novel postulate to understand schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Venkatasubramanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-23","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates microglial activation and production of inflammatory mediators in neonatal rat brain following hypoxia: role of TLR4 in hypoxic microglia","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.5","article-title":"Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Yolken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.554","article-title":"Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines","volume":"168","author":"Zarember","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178119319572?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178119319572?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T05:39:16Z","timestamp":1759037956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178119319572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0165178119319572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pattern of expression of Toll like receptor (TLR)-3 and -4 genes in drug-na\u00efve and antipsychotic treated patients diagnosed with schizophrenia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112727","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112727"}}