{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:40:35Z","timestamp":1779248435779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-112-110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-112-110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011892","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Branch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2314-B-039-039-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-039-039-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2314-B-182A-048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109-2628-B-182A-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2628-B-182A-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX110- 10816NC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX110- 10816NC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHRI-EX112-11133NI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHRI-EX112-11133NI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8K1462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8K1462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8G1391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8G1391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG8K1162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8K1162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T02:12:14Z","timestamp":1694052734000},"page":"115461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adjunctive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) plus sodium benzoate for the treatment of early-phase Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"328","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2162-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsien-Yuan","family":"Lane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8466-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieh-Hsin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007425","article-title":"The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects","volume":"172","author":"Bindman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005593","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease","author":"Birks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70015-3","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment associated with underlying Alzheimer's disease versus Lewy body disease","volume":"18 Suppl 1","author":"Boeve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinson. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3687-15.2016","article-title":"Transcranial stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex prevents stress-induced working memory deficits","volume":"36","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.617943","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation to assess and modulate neuroplasticity in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Boggio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S22265","article-title":"Impact of early intervention and disease modification in patients with predementia Alzheimer's disease: a Markov model simulation","volume":"3","author":"Budd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinicoecon. Outcome. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00201","article-title":"Brain stimulation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0499-9","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation","volume":"25","author":"Chase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0999-0","article-title":"Would transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhance the effects of working memory training in older adults with mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052283","article-title":"Involvement of cholinergic, adrenergic, and glutamatergic network modulation with cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.3.423","article-title":"Novel biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: based upon N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypoactivation and oxidative stress","volume":"19","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00416","article-title":"Can transcranial direct-current stimulation alone or combined with cognitive training be used as a clinical intervention to improve cognitive functioning in persons with mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cruz Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\"Mini-mental state\". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0592-y","article-title":"Neuromodulation therapies for geriatric depression","volume":"17","author":"G\u00e1lvez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01546-8","article-title":"Effects of short- and long-term neurostimulation (tDCS) on Alzheimer's disease patients: two randomized studies","volume":"33","author":"Gangemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac028","article-title":"NMDA receptor-related mechanisms of dopaminergic modulation of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity","volume":"32","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2911","article-title":"Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"11","author":"Hardingham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.11.009","article-title":"Possible role of d-serine in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2174\/157015912803217288","article-title":"NMDA neurotransmission dysfunction in behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.016","article-title":"Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.022","article-title":"Effects of prefrontal tDCS on executive function: methodological considerations revealed by meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Imburgio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-9053-6","article-title":"Mechanism of oxidative stress and synapse dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: understanding the therapeutics strategies","volume":"53","author":"Kamat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059412444975","article-title":"Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on cognition","volume":"43","author":"Kuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2159","article-title":"Add-on treatment of benzoate for schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor","volume":"70","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab001","article-title":"Brain activity of benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, in patients with mild cognitive impairment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Lane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115288","article-title":"Differential relationships of NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress with cognitive decline","volume":"326","author":"Lane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13504","article-title":"Endogenous antioxidants predicted outcome and increased after treatment: a benzoate dose-finding, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"77","author":"Lane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.07.006","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: an opportunity to identify patients at high risk for progression to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Levey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models","volume":"73","author":"Liang","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.010","article-title":"Benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, for the treatment of early-phase Alzheimer disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119849815","article-title":"Sodium benzoate for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.6156","article-title":"Effect of sodium benzoate on cognitive function among patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac027","article-title":"Blood d-amino acid oxidase levels increased with cognitive decline among people with mild cognitive impairment: a two-year prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.12.006","article-title":"Sodium benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac006","article-title":"Effects of sodium benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, on perceived stress and cognitive function among patients with late-life depression: a randomized, double-blind, sertraline- and placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S234371","article-title":"Precision medicine of sodium benzoate for the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2015.1117654","article-title":"Adjunctive sarcosine plus benzoate improved cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia patients with constant clinical symptoms: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0038","first-page":"1","article-title":"The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic-treated patients","volume":"334","author":"Lingjaerde","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Supplementum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02636-6","article-title":"Exercise priming with transcranial direct current stimulation: a study protocol for a randomized, parallel-design, sham-controlled trial in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa52d3","article-title":"Donepezil delays progression to AD in MCI subjects with depressive symptoms","volume":"72","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.08.014","article-title":"Neuromodulation treatments for geriatric mood and cognitive disorders","volume":"24","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer's disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.07.159","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: behavioral effects and neural mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Meinzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer. Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101555","article-title":"Toward noninvasive brain stimulation 2.0 in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"75","author":"Menardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0045","first-page":"627","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease assessment scale (ADAS)","volume":"24","author":"Mohs","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.002","article-title":"Extending the parameter range for tDCS: safety and tolerability of 4\u00a0mA stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Nitsche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008","volume":"1","author":"Nitsche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0050","first-page":"463","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation\u2013update 2011","volume":"29","author":"Nitsche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116680924","article-title":"Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"31","author":"O'Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj054","article-title":"Complex activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment: conceptual and diagnostic issues","volume":"35","author":"Perneczky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Age."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0910237","article-title":"Clinical practice. Mild cognitive impairment","volume":"364","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004826","article-title":"Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"90","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00355","article-title":"Potentials and limits to enhance cognitive functions in healthy and pathological aging by tDCS","volume":"9","author":"Prehn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1224-2","article-title":"Using transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to understand cognitive processing","volume":"79","author":"Reinhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013128","article-title":"Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease","volume":"348","author":"Reisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127270","article-title":"Anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex facilitates long-term memory formation reflecting use-dependent plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Rroji","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.4.589","article-title":"Role of transcranial direct current stimulation in the management of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of effects, adherence and adverse effects","volume":"19","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.69","article-title":"Lack of evidence for the efficacy of memantine in mild Alzheimer disease","volume":"68","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199700112-00004","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's disease cooperative study-clinical global impression of change. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study","volume":"11 Suppl 2","author":"Schneider","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24335","article-title":"Effect of sodium benzoate vs placebo among individuals with early psychosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(00)00225-6","article-title":"Glutamatergic neurotransmission in aging: a critical perspective","volume":"122","author":"Segovia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mech. Age. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.002","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) - application in neuropsychology","volume":"69","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2019.27","article-title":"Comparing the standard and electronic versions of the Alzheimer's Disease assessment scale - cognitive subscale: a validation study","volume":"6","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.10.003","article-title":"Effects of a non-focal plasticity protocol on apathy in moderate Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Suemoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00338-8","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology and clinical progression","volume":"11","author":"Tahami Monfared","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160763","article-title":"Role of glutamate and NMDA receptors in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer. Dis.: JAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0070","series-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.015","article-title":"Basic and functional effects of transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)-An introduction","volume":"85","author":"Yavari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101675","article-title":"Differential and subtype-specific neuroimaging abnormalities in amnestic and nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Yeung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0074","article-title":"Novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease: an updated review","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277408","article-title":"Active versus sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as an adjunct to varenicline treatment for smoking cessation: study protocol for a double-blind single dummy randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Zawertailo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16476-w","article-title":"Acetyl-cholinesterase-inhibitors slow cognitive decline and decrease overall mortality in older patients with dementia","volume":"12","author":"Zuin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178123004110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178123004110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:36:21Z","timestamp":1777494981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178123004110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0165178123004110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adjunctive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) plus sodium benzoate for the treatment of early-phase Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115461","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115461"}}