{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:17:52Z","timestamp":1789024672791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":245,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T19:10:24Z","timestamp":1747768224000},"page":"116558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of astrocytes in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An update"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"350","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9255-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa Charlotte","family":"Dury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristine Marie","family":"Yde Ohki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus-Peter","family":"Lesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Walitza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8505-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna","family":"Gr\u00fcnblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","article-title":"Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders","volume":"18","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113799","volume":"155","author":"Abu-Elfotuh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.056","article-title":"Cell biology of astrocyte-synapse interactions","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6063","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206936","article-title":"The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence","volume":"334","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0005","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, D., Colpo, G. D., Zeni, G., Zeni, C. P., & Teixeira, A. L. (2017a). Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder And Inflammation: What Does Current Knowledge Tell Us? A Systematic Review. Front. Psychiatry, 8, 228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00228.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00228"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anand, D., Colpo, G. D., Zeni, G., Zeni, C. P., & Teixeira, A. L. (2017b). Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder And Inflammation: What Does Current Knowledge Tell Us? A Systematic Review. Front. Psychiatry, 8, 228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00228.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00228"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105198","article-title":"Deficient astrocyte metabolism impairs glutamine synthesis and neurotransmitter homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"148","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60842","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived VEGF-A drives blood-brain barrier disruption in CNS inflammatory disease","volume":"122","author":"Argaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30490-3","article-title":"The role of astroglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"18","author":"Arranz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13707","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of methylphenidate enantiomers in adults with ADHD and substance use disorder, with focus on high doses and relationship to carboxylesterase activity","volume":"130","author":"Arvidsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0012","article-title":"Impaired flexible reward learning in ADHD patients is associated with blunted reinforcement sensitivity and neural signals in ventral striatum and parietal cortex","volume":"42","author":"Aster","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage : Clinical"},{"issue":"4\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970903176683","article-title":"Dose-related immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes after oral methylphenidate administration in cerebrum and cerebellum of the rat","volume":"10","author":"Bahcelioglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03913.x","article-title":"The glutamate\/GABA-glutamine cycle: Aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer","volume":"98","author":"Bak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.001","article-title":"Mitochondria, Oxidants, and Aging","volume":"120","author":"Balaban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.07.025","article-title":"Plasma and brain concentrations of oral therapeutic doses of methylphenidate and their impact on brain monoamine content in mice","volume":"57","author":"Balcioglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.05.006","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Astrocyte-Induced Synaptogenesis","volume":"45","author":"Baldwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0018","first-page":"149","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"114","author":"Banaschewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.013","article-title":"The mystery and magic of glia: A perspective on their roles in health and disease","volume":"60","author":"Barres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274944","article-title":"CrossTalk proposal: An important astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle couples neuronal activity to glucose utilisation in the brain","volume":"596","author":"Barros","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9256-1-5","article-title":"Methylphenidate enhances neural stem cell differentiation","volume":"1","author":"Bartl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47681-y","article-title":"Astroglial Kir4.1 potassium channel deficit drives neuronal hyperexcitability and behavioral defects in Fragile X syndrome mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Bataveljic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18338","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1249-11.2011","article-title":"Role of the Glyoxalase System in Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroprotection","volume":"31","author":"B\u00e9langer","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in metabolic disorders\u2014A step towards mitochondria based therapeutic strategies","volume":"1863","author":"Bhatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.03.014","article-title":"Impairment of pericyte-endothelium crosstalk leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction following traumatic brain injury","volume":"317","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"5586","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0026","first-page":"1525","article-title":"SynCAM, a Synaptic Adhesion Molecule That Drives Synapse Assembly","volume":"297","author":"Biederer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01878-6","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity reveals region-specific astrogenesis in the white matter","volume":"28","author":"Bocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13572","article-title":"Astrocytic GABA transporter activity modulates excitatory neurotransmission","volume":"7","author":"Boddum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e589","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.79","article-title":"Developmental changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"5","author":"Bollmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e589","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.79","article-title":"Developmental changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"5","author":"Bollmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07631.x","article-title":"Glutamate released spontaneously from astrocytes sets the threshold for synaptic plasticity","volume":"33","author":"Bonansco","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(95)00158-1","article-title":"GABA TRANSPORTER HETEROGENEITY: PHARMACOLOGY AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION","volume":"29","author":"Borden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1288994","article-title":"P2\u00d74 signalling contributes to hyperactivity but not pain sensitization comorbidity in a mouse model of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"14","author":"Bou Sader Nehme","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00183.2002","article-title":"Protoplasmic Astrocytes in CA1 Stratum Radiatum Occupy Separate Anatomical Domains","volume":"22","author":"Bushong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01150-1","article-title":"Aberrant astrocyte protein secretion contributes to altered neuronal development in multiple models of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"25","author":"Caldwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22878","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying AQP4 accumulation in astrocyte endfeet","volume":"63","author":"Camassa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.5.3.325","article-title":"Methylphenidate HCl: Therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"5","author":"Capp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. NeurOther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)00178-2","article-title":"Differential distribution, affinity and plasticity of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors in the target sites of the mesolimbic system in an animal model of ADHD","volume":"94","author":"Carey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106207","article-title":"Lactate as a determinant of neuronal excitability, neuroenergetics and beyond","volume":"184","author":"Cauli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00215","article-title":"Astrocyte Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: New Tools for Neurological Disorder Research","volume":"10","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.37","article-title":"Hyperactivity and impaired attention in Gamma aminobutyric acid transporter subtype 1 gene knockout mice","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173186","article-title":"Expression and Transformation Characteristics of a Novel Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase LcGAD10s and Its Application on Sufu Processing","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.07.009","article-title":"Astrocytic NDRG2 is critical in the maintenance of neuropathic pain","volume":"89","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.11.012","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A double-edged sword","volume":"126","author":"Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020370","article-title":"Astrocytes Control Synapse Formation, Function, and Elimination","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold. Spring. Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.916055","article-title":"Astrocyte development in the cerebral cortex: Complexity of their origin, genesis, and maturation","volume":"16","author":"Clavreul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.10.016","article-title":"Impact of developmental exposure to methylphenidate on rat brain\u2019s immune privilege and behavior: Control versus ADHD model","volume":"68","author":"Coelho-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.12.007","article-title":"Effect of chronic methylphenidate treatment on hippocampal neurovascular unit and memory performance in late adolescent rats","volume":"29","author":"Coelho-Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19970515)48:4<352::AID-JNR7>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Immunocytochemical and electron microscope observations on astroglial interlaminar processes in the primate neocortex","volume":"48","author":"Colombo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111039","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Corona","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00463","article-title":"S100 Proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.044","article-title":"Dysfunctional astrocytes as key players in the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders","volume":"267","author":"De Keyser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01301","article-title":"Energy Dynamics in the Brain: Contributions of Astrocytes to Metabolism and pH Homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Deitmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01285-8","article-title":"Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains","volume":"55","author":"Demontis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61319","article-title":"Glyoxalase 1 increases anxiety by reducing GABAA receptor agonist methylglyoxal","volume":"122","author":"Distler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2280","article-title":"Reduced GABA Concentration in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"69","author":"Edden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.153","article-title":"Impulsivity and Aggression in Female BPD and ADHD Patients: Association with ACC Glutamate and GABA Concentrations","volume":"41","author":"Ende","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.08.025","article-title":"Effects of Neuroinflammation and Autophagy on the Structure of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in ADHD Model","volume":"530","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Faraone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0072","article-title":"Indole Tryptophan Metabolism and Cytokine S100B in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Daily Fluctuations, Responses to Methylphenidate, and Interrelationship with Depressive Symptomatology","volume":"30","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.109897","article-title":"Novel pharmacological targets for GABAergic dysfunction in ADHD","volume":"249","author":"Ferranti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1837-5","article-title":"NDRG2 as a marker protein for brain astrocytes","volume":"357","author":"Fl\u00fcgge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12516","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2739-07.2007","article-title":"SynCAMs organize synapses through heterophilic adhesion","volume":"27","author":"Fogel","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102173","article-title":"Astrocytic Factors Controlling Synaptogenesis: A Team Play","volume":"9","author":"Fossati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0071","article-title":"New Tricks for an Old (Hedge)Hog: Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of Astrocyte Function","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014200","article-title":"A Role for Thrombospondin-1 Deficits in Astrocyte-Mediated Spine and Synaptic Pathology in Down\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00669","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease Patient-Derived Astrocytes Display Electrophysiological Impairments and Reduced Neuronal Support","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7394","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10959","article-title":"Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex","volume":"484","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.17","article-title":"The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: A register-based cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Ghirardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-004-0531-6","article-title":"Astrocytes protect the CNS: Antigen-specific T helper cell responses are inhibited by astrocyte-induced upregulation of CTLA-4 (CD152)","volume":"82","author":"Gimsa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2024.07.002","article-title":"Induction of astrocyte reactivity promotes neurodegeneration in human pluripotent stem cell models","volume":"19","author":"Gomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00925","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory Processes, A1 Astrocyte Activation and Protein Aggregation in the Retina of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients, Possible Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1104985","article-title":"From attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder to sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2014Wnt\/mTOR pathways hypothesis","volume":"17","author":"Gr\u00fcnblatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101937","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived Wnt growth factors are required for endothelial blood-brain barrier maintenance","volume":"199","author":"Gu\u00e9rit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2017.07.018","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Guerrero-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0082","first-page":"15","article-title":"Neurochemical Correlates of Executive Function in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Hai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal De l\u2019Academie Canadienne De Psychiatrie De L\u2019enfant Et De L\u2019adolescent"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12485","article-title":"Brain \u03b3-aminobutyric acid: A neglected role in impulsivity","volume":"39","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.242","article-title":"Why is there selective subcortical vulnerability in ADHD? Clues from postmortem brain gene expression data","volume":"23","author":"Hess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00974-2","article-title":"Autophagy, apoptosis, and neurodevelopmental genes might underlie selective brain region vulnerability in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"26","author":"Hess","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.036","article-title":"Astrocytic Contributions to Synaptic and Learning Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Hodges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18091033","article-title":"Brain imaging of the cortex in ADHD: A coordinated analysis of large-scale clinical and population-based samples","volume":"176","author":"Hoogman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12574","article-title":"A functional variant in SLC1A3 influences ADHD risk by disrupting a hsa-miR-3171 binding site: A two-stage association study","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes, Brain and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0992","article-title":"Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induces Barrier Function of Endothelial Cells Forming the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier","volume":"261","author":"Igarashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00024","article-title":"Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation","volume":"11","author":"J\u00e4kel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.02.034","article-title":"Effects of delayed reinforcers on the behavior of an animal model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"162","author":"Johansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2696","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.89","article-title":"Aberrant iPSC-derived human astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713510354","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2014.06.005","article-title":"Nandrolone-induced aggressive behavior is associated with alterations in extracellular glutamate homeostasis in mice","volume":"66","author":"Kalinine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52623-6","article-title":"Histamine H1 receptor on astrocytes and neurons controls distinct aspects of mouse behaviour","volume":"9","author":"K\u00e1rp\u00e1ti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.09.003","article-title":"Neuroglia: The 150 years after","volume":"31","author":"Kettenmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02893-0","article-title":"An updated review on animal models to study attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34412-4","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes transduce inflammation in a blood-brain barrier model through a TNF-STAT3 signaling axis and secretion of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040622","article-title":"Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Associated with Genetic Mutations and Neurotoxicants","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44742-0","article-title":"Leveraging single-cell ATAC-seq and RNA-seq to identify disease-critical fetal and adult brain cell types","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.626658","article-title":"Role of Astrocytic Inwardly Rectifying Potassium (Kir) 4.1 Channels in Epileptogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Kinboshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32327","article-title":"Converging evidence does not support GIT1 as an ADHD risk gene","volume":"168","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10041","article-title":"Kinetics and localization of brain phosphate activated glutaminase","volume":"66","author":"Kvamme","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03277-2","article-title":"Astrocytes as Perspective Targets of Exercise- and Caloric Restriction-Mimetics","volume":"46","author":"Lalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30867","article-title":"Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations","volume":"147B","author":"Lasky-Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30867","article-title":"Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations","volume":"147B","author":"Lasky-Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008762117","article-title":"Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of angiogenic endothelial cells and neuroprotective glia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"117","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24191","article-title":"The role of astrocyte structural plasticity in regulating neural circuit function and behavior","volume":"70","author":"Lawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9365","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169365","article-title":"The Function of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (NDRG2) as a Negative Regulator in Tumor Cell Metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01867-2","article-title":"Genetic risk for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder predicts cognitive decline and development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathophysiology in cognitively unimpaired older adults","volume":"28","author":"Leffa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000489635","article-title":"A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"25","author":"Leffa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.023","article-title":"Spatial-temporal expression of NDRG2 in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion","volume":"1382","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94455","article-title":"Deficiency of tumor suppressor NDRG2 leads to attention deficit and hyperactive behavior","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1221242","article-title":"Lack of functional brain connectivity was associated with poor inhibition in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder using near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7638","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2015.0041","article-title":"Abnormal Astrocytosis in the Basal Ganglia Pathway of Git1\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"38","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0117","first-page":"16","article-title":"Astrocytes: GABAceptive and GABAergic Cells in the Brain","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.10.013","article-title":"S100\u03b2 in heavy metal-related child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in an informal e-waste recycling area","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9814-5","article-title":"N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (Ndrg2) Is Involved in Ischemia-Hypoxia-Induced Astrocyte Apoptosis: A Novel Target for Stroke Therapy","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01401-4","article-title":"Proton spectroscopy in medication-free pediatric attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"53","author":"MacMaster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0122","first-page":"567","article-title":"Partial Improvement of Spatial Memory Damages by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation Following Trimethyltin Chloride Administration in the Rat CA1","volume":"10","author":"Madadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.1.50","article-title":"Cellular Bases of Brain Energy Metabolism and Their Relevance to Functional Brain Imaging: Evidence for a Prominent Role of Astrocytes","volume":"6","author":"Magistretti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020184","article-title":"Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.11","article-title":"Glutamate\/glutamine and neuronal integrity in adults with ADHD: A proton MRS study","volume":"4","author":"Maltezos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417146","article-title":"Astrocyte Involvement in Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function: A Critical Update Highlighting Novel, Complex, Neurovascular Interactions","volume":"24","author":"Manu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417146","article-title":"Astrocyte Involvement in Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function: A Critical Update Highlighting Novel, Complex, Neurovascular Interactions","volume":"24","author":"Manu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2003.12.007","article-title":"Glutamate transporters: Animal models to neurologic disease","volume":"15","author":"Maragakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13956-y","article-title":"Astrocytes monitor cerebral perfusion and control systemic circulation to maintain brain blood flow","volume":"11","author":"Marina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90071-4","article-title":"Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain","volume":"161","author":"Martinez-Hernandez","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0131","article-title":"Functional expression of the norepinephrine transporter in cultured rat astrocytes","volume":"84","author":"Masato","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.12.001","article-title":"Heterogeneity in astrocyte morphology and physiology","volume":"63","author":"Matyash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2018.00045","article-title":"Astrocyte\u2013Neuron Networks: A Multilane Highway of Signaling for Homeostatic Brain Function","volume":"10","author":"Mederos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.12.023","article-title":"Upregulation of the lactate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 at the blood-brain barrier in a rat model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder suggests hyperactivity could be a form of self-treatment","volume":"360","author":"Medin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2020.101818","article-title":"Chronic administration of methylphenidate did not affect memory and GDNF levels but increase astrogliosis in adult male rat\u2019s hippocampus","volume":"108","author":"Meftahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104997","article-title":"Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in externalizing behaviours: A review and combined analysis","volume":"145","author":"Meijer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meneses, A., Perez-Garcia, G., Ponce-Lopez, T., Tellez, R., Gallegos-Cari, A., & Castillo, C. (2011). Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: A short overview. 22(3), 365\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/rns.2011.024.","DOI":"10.1515\/rns.2011.024"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3678-13.2014","article-title":"The Extracellular Matrix Protein Laminin \u03b12 Regulates the Maturation and Function of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier","volume":"34","author":"Menezes","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.08.020","article-title":"The spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rat models of ADHD exhibit sub-regional differences in dopamine release and uptake in the striatum and nucleus accumbens","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-02-00585.1984","article-title":"Fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes are biochemically and developmentally distinct","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7734","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07734.1995","article-title":"GAT-1, a high-affinity GABA plasma membrane transporter, is localized to neurons and astroglia in the cerebral cortex","volume":"15","author":"Minelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6255","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06255.1996","article-title":"GAT-3, a High-Affinity GABA Plasma Membrane Transporter, Is Localized to Astrocytic Processes, and It Is Not Confined to the Vicinity of GABAergic Synapses in the Cerebral Cortex","volume":"16","author":"Minelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.01.003","article-title":"NDRG2: A novel Alzheimer\u2019s disease associated protein","volume":"16","author":"Mitchelmore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.03.019","article-title":"Hyperactivity with Disrupted Attention by Activation of an Astrocyte Synaptogenic Cue","volume":"177","author":"Nagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157887","article-title":"Dysregulation of Astrocyte\u2013Neuronal Communication in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Nanclares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0146","series-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23982128211009148","article-title":"Astrocytes in schizophrenia","volume":"5","author":"Notter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2023.10.008","article-title":"Dichotomous effect of methylphenidate on microglia and astrocytes: Insights from in vitro and animal studies","volume":"389","author":"Novo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0149","first-page":"6","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: An exploration of associations of cytokines and kynurenine metabolites with symptoms and attention","author":"Oades","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-011-0062-2","article-title":"An exploration of the associations of pregnancy and perinatal features with cytokines and tryptophan\/kynurenine metabolism in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"3","author":"Oades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-6-29","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: S100B, cytokines and kynurenine metabolism - effects of medication","volume":"6","author":"Oades","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-452-0_3","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Astrocytic Form and Function","volume":"814","author":"Oberheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009","article-title":"Uniquely Hominid Features of Adult Human Astrocytes","volume":"29","author":"Oberheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2022.22187","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"54","author":"\u00d6\u011f\u00fctl\u00fc","year":"2022","journal-title":"EurAsian J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2020.07.006","article-title":"Astrocytic Ca2+ signaling mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum in health and disease","volume":"144","author":"Okubo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.7A7323.2007","article-title":"Differential Expression Patterns of NDRG Family Proteins in the Central Nervous System","volume":"56","author":"Okuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030712","article-title":"Is S100B Involved in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? Comparisons with Controls and Changes Following a Triple Therapy Containing Methylphenidate, Melatonin and \u03c9-3 PUFAs","volume":"15","author":"Ouadih-Moran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0159","first-page":"29","article-title":"Reverse asymmetry and changes in brain structural volume of the basal ganglia in ADHD, developmental changes and the impact of stimulant medications","volume":"37","author":"Paclt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00258","article-title":"The Role of Microglia and Astrocytes in Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Palpagama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1715","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0154","article-title":"Astrocytic control of synaptic function","volume":"372","author":"Papouin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"5841","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0162","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Astrocytes Potentiate Transmitter Release at Single Hippocampal Synapses","volume":"317","author":"Perea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858402238515","article-title":"GABA and glutamate in the human brain","volume":"8","author":"Petroff","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116217","article-title":"Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Astrocyte Senescence as Reciprocal Drivers of Neuropathology in Aging","volume":"23","author":"Preininger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607111434963","article-title":"Oxidative Stress","volume":"36","author":"Preiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030540","article-title":"Astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Pathological Significance and Molecular Pathways","volume":"10","author":"Preman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0168","article-title":"Reduced striatal GABA in unmedicated children with ADHD at 7T","volume":"301","author":"Puts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112639","article-title":"An integrative analysis of transcriptome-wide association study and mRNA expression profile identified candidate genes for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"282","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02314-6","article-title":"The effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on Drosophila brain at single-cell resolution and potential drug repurposing for ADHD treatment","volume":"29","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00392-2","article-title":"Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Quintero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316628","article-title":"Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Serotonin Participate Differently in Methylphenidate Action in Concomitant Behavioral and Ventral Tegmental Area, Locus Coeruleus and Dorsal Raphe Neuronal Study in Young Rats","volume":"24","author":"Reyes-Vasquez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.003","article-title":"SynCAM 1 adhesion dynamically regulates synapse number and impacts plasticity and learning","volume":"68","author":"Robbins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18247-5","article-title":"GABA uptake transporters support dopamine release in dorsal striatum with maladaptive downregulation in a parkinsonism model","volume":"11","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12716","article-title":"The pathological roles of NDRG2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, a study using animal models and APPwt-overexpressed cells","volume":"23","author":"Rong","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS. Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20130237","article-title":"Astrocyte glutamine synthetase: Pivotal in health and disease","volume":"41","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01776-7","article-title":"Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson\u2019s disease brain","volume":"17","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-2-30","article-title":"Response variability in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011175225512","article-title":"Increased glutamate-stimulated norepinephrine release from prefrontal cortex slices of spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"15","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)00177-0","article-title":"Differences between electrically-, ritalin- and D-amphetamine-stimulated release of [3H]dopamine from brain slices suggest impaired vesicular storage of dopamine in an animal model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"94","author":"Russell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00058-5","article-title":"Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (AD\/HD)","volume":"24","author":"Sagvolden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15081012","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Morin Hydrate against Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Induced by MSG and\/or Protein Malnutrition in Rat Pups: Effect on Oxidative\/Monoamines\/Inflammatory Balance and Apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040937","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Animal Model Presents Retinal Alterations and Methylphenidate Has a Differential Effect in ADHD versus Control Conditions","volume":"12","author":"Sanches","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040937","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Animal Model Presents Retinal Alterations and Methylphenidate Has a Differential Effect in ADHD versus Control Conditions","volume":"12","author":"Sanches","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036424","article-title":"Astrocyte-specific disruption of SynCAM1 signaling results in ADHD-like behavioral manifestations","volume":"7","author":"Sandau","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1435","article-title":"SynCAM1, a Synaptic Adhesion Molecule, Is Expressed in Astrocytes and Contributes to erbB4 Receptor-Mediated Control of Female Sexual Development","volume":"152","author":"Sandau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I27","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870070017","article-title":"Stimulant drugs","volume":"9","author":"Santosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00076","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity in the brain: From development to disease","volume":"9","author":"Schitine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-024-00718-y","article-title":"Methylphenidate Exposing During Neurodevelopment Alters Amino Acid Profile, Astrocyte Marker and Glutamatergic Excitotoxicity in the Rat Striatum","volume":"42","author":"Schmitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9987-y","article-title":"Methylphenidate Causes Behavioral Impairments and Neuron and Astrocyte Loss in the Hippocampus of Juvenile Rats","volume":"54","author":"Schmitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24460","article-title":"Inhibiting astrocyte connexin-43 hemichannels blocks radiation-induced vesicular VEGF-A release and blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"72","author":"Schumacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00161","article-title":"Structure, function, and plasticity of GABA transporters","volume":"8","author":"Scimemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1870","article-title":"Astrocyte dysfunction in neurological disorders: A molecular perspective","volume":"7","author":"Seifert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2024.102925","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron crosstalk in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"89","author":"S\u00e9journ\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.027","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease is associated with altered expression of genes involved in immune response and mitochondrial processes in astrocytes","volume":"36","author":"Sekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.680301","article-title":"Astrocyte-Neuron Signaling in Synaptogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114382","article-title":"Activation of the hippocampal CA1 astrocyte Gq and Gi G protein-coupled receptors exerts a protective effect against attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"152","author":"Shan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.003","article-title":"Mapping the Development of the Basal Ganglia in Children With Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"53","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.031","article-title":"Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"72","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-017-0118-7","article-title":"NDRG2 facilitates colorectal cancer differentiation through the regulation of Skp2-p21\/p27 axis","volume":"37","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32830163d0","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of Ndrg2 in the mouse nervous system","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040996","article-title":"Aberrant Calcium Signals in Reactive Astrocytes: A Key Process in Neurological Disorders","volume":"20","author":"Shigetomi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.43634","article-title":"Neuropsychology of prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053050","article-title":"Astrocyte\u2013Neuron Interaction via the Glutamate\u2013Glutamine Cycle and Its Dysfunction in Tau-Dependent Neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Sidoryk-W\u0119grzynowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.08.002","article-title":"Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation","volume":"32","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: Biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.617581","article-title":"An Shen Ding Zhi Ling Alleviates Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder via Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201553","article-title":"Striatal transcriptome of a mouse model of ADHD reveals a pattern of synaptic remodeling","volume":"13","author":"Sorokina","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2559","article-title":"More GABA, less distraction: A neurochemical predictor of motor decision speed","volume":"13","author":"Sumner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-023-00310-5","article-title":"Mutual interaction of neurons and astrocytes derived from iPSCs with APP V717L mutation developed the astrocytic phenotypes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Supakul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.08.013","article-title":"Serum and brain concentrations of methylphenidate: Implications for use and abuse","volume":"27","author":"Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01681-4","article-title":"A human iPSC-astroglia neurodevelopmental model reveals divergent transcriptomic patterns in schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Szabo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12729","article-title":"Deletion of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 attenuates reactive astrogliosis and inflammatory response in a mouse model of cortical stab injury","volume":"130","author":"Takarada-Iemata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23315","article-title":"N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects blood\u2013brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia","volume":"66","author":"Takarada-Iemata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.03.019","article-title":"The effect of Ndrg2 expression on astroglial activation","volume":"59","author":"Takeichi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05147-9","article-title":"An iPSC-derived astrocyte model of fragile X syndrome exhibits dysregulated cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Talvio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01900-7","article-title":"A1 reactive astrocytes and a loss of TREM2 are associated with an early stage of pathology in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2024.102882","article-title":"pH regulating mechanisms of astrocytes: A critical component in physiology and disease of the brain","volume":"120","author":"Theparambil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0075-y","article-title":"The GABA transporter 1 (SLC6A1): A novel candidate gene for anxiety disorders","volume":"116","author":"Thoeringer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"issue":"S6","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10696","article-title":"GABA, \u03b3-hydroxybutyric acid, and neurological disease","volume":"54","author":"Ting Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9607","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249607","article-title":"The Regulation of Astrocytic Glutamate Transporters in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Todd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1081\/CEH-120034138","article-title":"Increased Expression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Brain of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats","volume":"26","author":"Tomassoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens. (1978)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.025","article-title":"A Family Based Study Implicates Solute Carrier Family 1\u2013Member 3 (SLC1A3) Gene in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"57","author":"Turic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5504","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0225","first-page":"657","article-title":"Control of Synapse Number by Glia","volume":"291","author":"Ullian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S390053","article-title":"Pathology and Astrocytes in Autism","volume":"19","author":"Vakilzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098434","article-title":"Functions of Astrocytes under Normal Conditions and after a Brain Disease","volume":"24","author":"Valles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2016.06.003","article-title":"Duplications of SLC1A3: Associated with ADHD and autism","volume":"59","author":"van Amen-Hellebrekers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1383-5","article-title":"Human astrocytes: Structure and functions in the healthy brain","volume":"222","author":"Vasile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.148","article-title":"Genome-wide linkage analysis in a Dutch multigenerational family with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"18","author":"Vegt","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2016","article-title":"Physiology of Astroglia","volume":"98","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.03.025","article-title":"Astrogliopathology in neurological, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders","volume":"85","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.10.003","article-title":"Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder suffers from mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBa Clin."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01397-6","article-title":"Emerging findings of glutamate-glutamine imbalance in the medial prefrontal cortex in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of spectroscopy studies","volume":"272","author":"Vidor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02534-4","article-title":"Brain stars take the lead during critical periods of early postnatal brain development: Relevance of astrocytes in health and mental disorders","volume":"29","author":"Vivi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.01.020","article-title":"Investigating the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in iPSC-derived forebrain cortical neurons from ADHD patients","volume":"182","author":"Walter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nsa.2024.104070","article-title":"An investigation on the alterations in Wnt signaling in ADHD across developmental stages","volume":"3","author":"Walter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience Applied"},{"issue":"218","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra26","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002334","article-title":"Astrocytes modulate neural network activity by Ca2+-dependent uptake of extracellular K+","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8609-1","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Attenuates Reference Memory Impairment Associated with Astrocytic NDRG2 Suppression in APP\/PS1 Transgenic Mice","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-024-02157-8","article-title":"Morphological diversification and functional maturation of human astrocytes in glia-enriched cortical organoid transplanted in mouse brain","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)21542-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in man, rat and monkey","volume":"226","author":"Wargin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2330","article-title":"GIT1 is associated with ADHD in humans and ADHD-like behaviors in mice","volume":"17","author":"Won","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.060","article-title":"Complement C3 Is Activated in Human AD Brain and Is Required for Neurodegeneration in Mouse Models of Amyloidosis and Tauopathy","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmt043","article-title":"Gamma aminobutyric acid transporter subtype 1 gene knockout mice: A new model for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4413","article-title":"Astrocytic laminin regulates pericyte differentiation and maintains blood brain barrier integrity","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0248","first-page":"276","article-title":"Usefulness of S100B Protein in Neurological Disorders","volume":"61","author":"Yardan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00708-9","article-title":"NDRG2 Protects the Brain from Excitotoxicity by Facilitating Interstitial Glutamate Uptake","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1070142","article-title":"Meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations of brain in patients with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.04.015","article-title":"SLC6A1 gene involvement in susceptibility to attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A case-control study and gene-environment interaction","volume":"77","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0252","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Emerging roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier disruption upon amyloid-beta insults in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0254","article-title":"Enhanced Glial Reaction and Altered Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase are Implicated in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20110061","article-title":"Astroglial excitability and gliotransmission: An appraisal of Ca2+ as a signalling route","volume":"4","author":"Zorec","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASN. Neuro"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178125002069?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178125002069?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:56:00Z","timestamp":1778565360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178125002069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":245,"alternative-id":["S0165178125002069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of astrocytes in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: An update","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116558","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116558"}}