{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T09:02:13Z","timestamp":1781168533132,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:47:18Z","timestamp":1763646438000},"page":"116847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence and patterns of comorbid mental disorders in a male forensic psychiatric sample: A network analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"355","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-9912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"van Buitenen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7607-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Meijers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Harte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414548902","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use and aggressive behaviour: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Albrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088836","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders among prisoners in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Andreoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0003","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00093-7","article-title":"The prevalence of comorbid serious mental illnesses and substance use disorders in prison populations: systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"7","author":"Baranyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0005","first-page":"411","article-title":"What you see may not be what you get: a brief, nontechnical introduction to overfitting in regressiontype models","volume":"66","author":"Babyak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x","article-title":"A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling","volume":"97","author":"Blaszczynski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473","article-title":"The pfactor: one general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders?","volume":"2","author":"Caspi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0008","series-title":"Psychiatric Diagnosis & Classification","first-page":"79","article-title":"Implications of comorbidity for the classification of mental disorders: the need for a psychobiology of coherence","author":"Cloninger","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.007","article-title":"Crime and psychiatric disorders among youth in the U.S. population: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Surveyadolescent Supplement","volume":"53","author":"Coker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X09991567","article-title":"Comorbidity: a network perspective","volume":"33","author":"Cramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013164814732","article-title":"The prevalence of mental illness in prison","volume":"29","author":"Diamond","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adm. Policy Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.13","article-title":"Impairment in role functioning in mental and chronic medical disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"14","author":"Druss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.2003.18.1.3","article-title":"Impulsiveness, impulsive aggression, personality disorder, and spousal violence","volume":"18","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","article-title":"qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0015","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2018. The misuse of benzodiazepines among highrisk opioid users in Europe (Perspectives on Drugs).https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/pods\/benzodiazepines_en (accessed 6 January 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000120","article-title":"Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"6","author":"Fazel","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096370","article-title":"Severe mental illness in 33,588 prisoners worldwide:systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"200","author":"Fazel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102","article-title":"Graph drawing by forcedirected placement","volume":"21","author":"Fruchterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174035","article-title":"Exploratory graph analysis: a new approach for estimating the number of dimensions in psychological research","volume":"12","author":"Golino","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000495844","article-title":"The underlying structure of comorbid mental health and substance use disorders in prison populations","volume":"52","author":"Ignatyev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","article-title":"Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders","volume":"167","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004","article-title":"Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use","volume":"125","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e498","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30128-8","article-title":"Trends in use and misuse of opioids in the Netherlands: a retrospective, multisource database study","volume":"4","author":"Kalkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0024","series-title":"The Economics of Gender and Mental Illness","first-page":"7","article-title":"Gender differences in mental disorders in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey","author":"Kessler","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and ageofonset distributions of DSMIV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0026","series-title":"The Mental Condition in Criminal Law: Forensic Psychiatric and Psychological Assessment in a Residential Setting","author":"Koenraadt","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002125","article-title":"Use of illicit substances and violent behaviour in psychotic disorders: two nationwide casecontrol studies and metaanalyses","volume":"50","author":"Lamsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.003","article-title":"Violence in psychosis: conceptualizing its causal relationship with risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Lamsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.019","article-title":"The triggering effect of alcohol and illicit drugs on violent crime in a remand prison population: a casecrossover study","volume":"129","author":"Lundholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.3.182","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity\u2019: an artefact of current diagnosticsystems?","volume":"186","author":"Maj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maj M., Stein D.J., Parker G., Zimmerman M., Fava G.A., De Hert M., et al., 2020.The clinical characterization of the adult patient with depression aimed at personalization of management. World Psychiatry 19, 269\u2013293.10.1002\/wps.20771.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20771"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.4\/fmcmahon","article-title":"Prediction of treatment outcomes in psychiatry\u2014Where do westand?","volume":"16","author":"McMahon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merikangas K.R., He J.P., Burstein M., Swendsen J., Avenevoli S., Case B. et al.,2011, Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: results of the National Comorbidity SurveyAdolescent Supplement. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 50, 32\u201345. 10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402001104","article-title":"Males on thelifecoursepersistent and adolescencelimited antisocial pathways: followup at age 26 years","volume":"14","author":"Moffitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.2.305","article-title":"Comorbid mental disorders:implications for treatment and sample selection","volume":"107","author":"Newman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.29","article-title":"Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behaviour: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"15","author":"Nock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.008","article-title":"A metaanalysis of the influence ofcomorbidity on treatment outcome in the anxiety disorders","volume":"30","author":"Olatunji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658","article-title":"Exploring comorbidity within mental disorders among a Danish national population","volume":"76","author":"Plana Ripoll","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2700","article-title":"The impact of psychiatric comorbidities associated with depression: a literature review","volume":"97","author":"Platona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medi. pharma. rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0039","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21087","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of common mental disorders from 20072009 to 20192022: results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Studies (NEMESIS)","volume":"22","author":"Ten Have","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9780","key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61926-5","article-title":"Reclassifying personality disorders","volume":"377","author":"Tyrer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05918","article-title":"A new method for constructing networks from binary data","volume":"4","author":"van Borkulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476","article-title":"Comparing network structures on three aspects: a permutation test","volume":"28","author":"van Borkulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.63","article-title":"The prevalence of mental disorders and patterns of comorbidity within a large sample of mentally ill prisoners: a network analysis","volume":"63","author":"van Buitenen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0356-x","article-title":"Mental disorder and violence: is there arelationship beyond substance use?","volume":"47","author":"van Dorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0046","unstructured":"van Kordelaar W.F.J.M., 2002. Beslissingsondersteuning onderzoek geestvermogens inhet strafrecht voor volwassenen. [Decision Support For Assessments of Mental Capacity in Adult Criminal Law]. Kluwer, Deventer."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.07.006","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnosis and quality of life: theadditional burden of psychiatric comorbidity","volume":"52","author":"Watson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0048","series-title":"Violence and Mental Disorders. Comprehensive Approach to Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33188-7_3","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for violence in people withmental disorders","volume":"1","author":"Whiting","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0558","article-title":"Health, polysubstance use, andcriminal justice involvement among adults with varying levels of opioid use","volume":"1","author":"Winkelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMa Netw. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0050","series-title":"The ICD10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0051","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2023. Opioid overdose https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/opioid-overdose (accessed 6 January 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/107906320101300301","article-title":"Personalitybased typology of adolescent male sexual offenders:differences in recidivism rates, victimselection characteristics, and personal victimization histories","volume":"13","author":"Worling","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sex Abuse"}],"container-title":["Psychiatry Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178125004925?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165178125004925?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:48:00Z","timestamp":1781167680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165178125004925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0165178125004925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1781"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1781","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and patterns of comorbid mental disorders in a male forensic psychiatric sample: A network analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychiatry Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116847","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116847"}}