{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:25:26Z","timestamp":1773815126394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychosomatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]],"date-time":"2014-06-02T02:49:23Z","timestamp":1401677363000},"page":"12-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Neuropsychiatric Scurvy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.10.006","article-title":"Scurvy: past, present and future","volume":"22","author":"Magiorkinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib2","unstructured":"Lind J: The diagnostics, or symptoms. In: A Treatise on the Scurvy, in Three Parts, 3rd ed. S. Crowder, D. Wilson and G. Nicholls, T. Cadell, T. Becket and Co., G. Pearch and W. Wood, f1752, pp. 98\u2013129. Available via Google Books at http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=T1OT3tYmh5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib3","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Le scorbut: aspects particuliers de l\u05f3association rachitisme-scorbut","volume":"86","author":"Fouron","year":"1962","journal-title":"Canad Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00282.x","article-title":"Vitamin C: update on physiology and pharmacology","volume":"157","author":"Mandl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib5","first-page":"281","article-title":"On the recent occurrence of scurvy in exeter and the neighbourhood","volume":"11","author":"Shapter","year":"1847","journal-title":"Prov Med Surg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib6","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Scurvy and its prevention and control in major emergencies. Available from: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/1999\/WHO_NHD_99.11.pdf. Accessed 24 February, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.4.432","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of ascorbic acid deficiency in man","volume":"24","author":"Hodges","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.4.455","article-title":"Some behavioral effects of ascorbic acid deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Kinsman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.02.001","article-title":"Old disease, new look? A first report of parkinsonism due to scurvy, and of refeeding-induced worsening of scurvy","volume":"54","author":"Noble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.07.009","article-title":"Simultaneous scurvy and Wernicke\u05f3s encephalopathy in a patient with an ascorbate-responsive dyskinesia","volume":"54","author":"Shavit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.10.003","article-title":"The neuropsychiatry of scurvy","volume":"55","author":"Wright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00036","article-title":"The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson\u05f3s disease","volume":"6","author":"Seidl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(05)80188-X","article-title":"Detection of subclinical ascorbate deficiency in early Parkinson\u05f3s disease","volume":"106","author":"Yapa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn273","article-title":"Dietary iron intake and risk of Parkinson\u05f3s disease","volume":"168","author":"Logroscino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(03)00184-9","article-title":"Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E are decreased in vascular parkinsonism","volume":"215","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.68.802.634","article-title":"Concentrations of vitamins A, C and E in elderly patients with Parkinson\u05f3s disease","volume":"68","author":"King","year":"1992","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70097-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson\u05f3s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Etminan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.08.007","article-title":"Striatal interaction among dopamine, glutamate and ascorbate","volume":"63","author":"Morales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(85)90599-3","article-title":"Circadian changes in extracellular ascorbate in rat cortex, accumbens, striatum and hippocampus: correlations with motor activity","volume":"60","author":"O\u05f3Neill","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00668.2001","article-title":"Behavioral activation in rats requires endogenous ascorbate release in striatum","volume":"21","author":"Rebec","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05469.x","article-title":"Elevated oxidative stress and sensorimotor deficits but normal cognition in mice that cannot synthesize ascorbic acid","volume":"106","author":"Harrison","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2011.00762.x","article-title":"Effect of vitamin C deficiency during postnatal development on adult behavior: functional phenotype of Gulo(\u2212\/\u2212) knockout mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.07.019","article-title":"Corticostriatal dysfunction underlies diminished striatal ascorbate release in the R6\/2 mouse model of Huntington\u05f3s disease","volume":"1290","author":"Dorner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-010-0261-1","article-title":"Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency: update of molecular diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Di Donato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4087-0.00042-5","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of malabsorption syndromes","volume":"120","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283629beb","article-title":"Metals and movement disorders","volume":"26","author":"Taba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16469","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2440-10.2010","article-title":"An engineered zinc finger protein activator of the endogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene provides functional neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson\u05f3s disease","volume":"30","author":"Laganiere","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1159\/000314841","article-title":"Elevated levels of methylmalonate and homocysteine in Parkinson\u05f3s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3080735","article-title":"Metabolic agents that enhance ATP can improve cognitive functioning: a review of the evidence for glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and l-carnitine","volume":"3","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.1147s","article-title":"Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis","volume":"54","author":"Rebouche","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718634","article-title":"Vitamin C depletion is associated with alterations in blood histamine and plasma free carnitine in adults","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216100110","article-title":"L-acetylcarnitine causes rapid antidepressant effects through the epigenetic induction of mGlu2 receptors","volume":"110","author":"Nasca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90154-V","article-title":"Acetyl-l-carnitine releases dopamine in rat corpus striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study","volume":"218","author":"Harsing","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06807.x","article-title":"Metabolism of acetyl-l-carnitine for energy and neurotransmitter synthesis in the immature rat brain","volume":"114","author":"Scafidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2010.00595.x","article-title":"Acetyl-l-carnitine improves aged brain function","volume":"10","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.814930","article-title":"Acetyl-l-carnitine: from a biological curiosity to a drug for the peripheral nervous system and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Onofrj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90087-X","article-title":"Renal handling of carnitine in experimental vitamin C deficiency","volume":"44","author":"Rebouche","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000339212","article-title":"Oxygen: how do we stand it?","volume":"22","author":"Fridovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2307\/3579271","article-title":"Catalytic metals, ascorbate and free radicals: combinations to avoid","volume":"145","author":"Buettner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-022X(88)90100-5","article-title":"In the absence of catalytic metals ascorbate does not autoxidize at pH 7: ascorbate as a test for catalytic metals","volume":"16","author":"Buettner","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biochem Biophys Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081386","article-title":"How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1039\/CT8946500899","article-title":"Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron","volume":"65","author":"Fenton","year":"1894","journal-title":"J Chem Soc Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0577-x","article-title":"Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson\u05f3s, Huntington\u05f3s, Alzheimer\u05f3s, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples","volume":"84","author":"Kell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2008.02.005","article-title":"Redox imbalance in Parkinson\u05f3s disease","volume":"1780","author":"Chinta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib45","first-page":"359","article-title":"On the origin and significance of neuromelanin","volume":"103","author":"Graham","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8134","DOI":"10.1021\/bi1010909","article-title":"Redox reactions of the \u03b1-synuclein-Cu(2+) complex and their effects on neuronal cell viability","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00506-8","article-title":"The response of neurones and glial cells to elevated copper","volume":"55","author":"Watt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib48","first-page":"502","article-title":"Parkinson\u05f3s disease as multifactorial oxidative neurodegeneration: implications for integrative management","volume":"5","author":"Kidd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00462","article-title":"Characterizing aging in the human brainstem using quantitative multimodal MRI analysis","volume":"7","author":"Lambert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.018","article-title":"Vitamin C function in the brain: vital role of the ascorbate transporter SVCT2","volume":"46","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01350.x","article-title":"The SLC23 family of ascorbate transporters: ensuring that you get your daily dose of vitamin C","volume":"164","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083131","article-title":"Vitamin C: a novel regulator of neutrophil extracellular trap formation","volume":"5","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.04.051","article-title":"A disease of the present: scurvy in \u201cwell-nourished\u201d patients","volume":"69","author":"Al-Dabagh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1767.1029","article-title":"The Bradshaw lecture: on infantile scurvy and its relation to rickets","author":"Barlow","year":"1894","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000332762","article-title":"Projected prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes in Europe","volume":"59","author":"Roman Vi\u00f1as","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdn076","article-title":"Estimated prevalence and predictors of vitamin C deficiency within UK\u05f3s low-income population","volume":"30","author":"Mosd\u00f8l","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27016","article-title":"Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"90","author":"Schleicher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00010","article-title":"Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use","volume":"140","author":"Padayatty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.012","article-title":"Vitamin C requirements in parenteral nutrition","volume":"137","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1755","key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib60","first-page":"23","article-title":"Be vigilant for scurvy in high-risk groups","volume":"256","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.4.693","article-title":"Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin C in humans","volume":"45","author":"Olson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"}],"container-title":["Psychosomatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033318214000851?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033318214000851?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,11]],"date-time":"2019-08-11T01:27:03Z","timestamp":1565486823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033318214000851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033318214000851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psym.2014.05.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}}}