{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:01:24Z","timestamp":1776988884344,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychosomatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T01:54:18Z","timestamp":1594173258000},"page":"597-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Psychiatric Aspects of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Treatment in the Wake of Coronavirus Disease-2019: Psychopharmacological Interactions and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Brandon S.","family":"Hamm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0138","article-title":"Historical review: problematic malaria prophylaxis with quinine","volume":"95","author":"Shanks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.07.009","article-title":"Ferroquine and its derivatives: new generation of antimalarial agents","volume":"101","author":"Wani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa114","article-title":"COVID-19 \u2013 a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0674-9","article-title":"Insights from nanomedicine into chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in\u00a0vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib6","first-page":"ciaa237","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib8","first-page":"185","article-title":"Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208857","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857","article-title":"Effect of high vs low doses of chloroquine diphosphate as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection A randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Borba","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib11","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis","author":"Mehra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib12","article-title":"Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101738","article-title":"Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France","volume":"35","author":"Million","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8630","article-title":"Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state","volume":"323","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib15","article-title":"Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with COVID-19","author":"Magagnoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib16","article-title":"No evidence of clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection with oxygen requirement: results of a study using routinely collected data to emulate a target trial","author":"Mahevas","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012410","article-title":"Observational study of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"382","author":"Geleris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib18","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in patients mainly with mild to moderate COVID\u201319: an open\u2013label, randomized, controlled trial","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-015-0239-y","article-title":"Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases","volume":"23","author":"Rainsford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib20","first-page":"35","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of antiparasitic drugs on cytochrome P450 2D6","volume":"48","author":"Masimirembwa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.31.6.748","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro metabolism of chloroquine: identification of CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6 as the main isoforms catalyzing N-desethylchloroquine formation","volume":"31","author":"Projean","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00197.x","article-title":"Influence of hydroxychloroquine on the bioavailability of oral metoprolol","volume":"49","author":"Somer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib23","author":"Flockhart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(05)80004-4","article-title":"Antimalarials in rheumatic diseases","volume":"4","author":"Tett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161351","article-title":"Longterm hydroxychloroquine therapy and low-dose aspirin may have an additive effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Fasano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(00)00200-0","article-title":"Chloroquine: a multipotent inhibitor of human platelets in\u00a0vitro","volume":"98","author":"Nos\u00e1l","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.02.007","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce P2Y12 receptor-mediated amplification of platelet aggregation","volume":"131","author":"Tseng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70187-1","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of antimalarialk drugs","volume":"7","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1188-2","article-title":"The arrhythmogenic cardiotoxicity of the quinoline and structurally related antimalarial drugs: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Haeusler","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2007.04.055","article-title":"Conduction disorder and QT prolongation secondary to long-term treatment with chloroquine","volume":"127","author":"Stas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650500514558","article-title":"Chronic hydroxychloroquine use associated with QT prolongation and refractory ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib32","first-page":"4626279","article-title":"Life threatening severe QTc prolongation in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus due to hydroxychloroquine","volume":"2016","author":"O'Laughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.1760501","article-title":"QTc prolongation and psychotropic medications","volume":"177","author":"Funk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90814-W","article-title":"Mefloquine compared with other malaria chemoprophylactic regimens in tourists visiting east Africa","volume":"341","author":"Steffen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199512060-00003","article-title":"CNS adverse events associated with antimalarial agents\u2014fact or fiction?","volume":"12","author":"Phillips-Howard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib37","first-page":"223","article-title":"Psychiatric complications of chloroquine","volume":"24","author":"Bhatia","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Nat Acad Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib38","first-page":"351","article-title":"Psychiatric complications of chloroquine","volume":"32","author":"Bhatia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.864","article-title":"Chloroquine poisoning in Zimbabwe: a toxicoepidemiological study","volume":"22","author":"Ball","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199607000-00021","article-title":"Treatment of acute chloroquine poisoning: a 5-year experience","volume":"24","author":"Clemessy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.07.012","article-title":"Psychosis following chloroquine ingestion: a 10-year comparative study from a malaria-hyperendemic district of India","volume":"36","author":"Biswas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2016.05.004","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a potentially lethal drug","volume":"41","author":"Merino Argum\u00e1nez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Intensiva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03763-0","article-title":"Acute neuropharmacologic action of chloroquine on cortical neurons in\u00a0vitro","volume":"959","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.1.164b","article-title":"Chloroquine induced mania","volume":"159","author":"Lovestone","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib45","first-page":"481","article-title":"Toxic psychosis following use of quinacrine","volume":"42","author":"Malik-Ahmadi","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(85)90114-8","article-title":"The side-effects of antimalarial drugs indicate a polyamine involvement in both schizophrenia and depression","volume":"18","author":"Richardson-Andrews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib47","first-page":"23","article-title":"Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypothesis of movement disorder and psychosis","volume":"13","author":"David","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E409","article-title":"Serious psychiatric symptoms after chloroquine treatment following experimental malaria infection","volume":"39","author":"Telgt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00708-06","article-title":"Role of P-glycoprotein in absorption of novel antimalarial drugs","volume":"50","author":"Crowe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.06.017","article-title":"Psychosis likely induced by hydroxychloroquine in a patient with chronic Q fever: a case report and clinically relevant review of pharmacology","volume":"55","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7056.525","article-title":"Comparison of adverse events associated with use of mefloquine and combination of chloroquine and proguanil as antimalarial prophylaxis: postal and telephone survey of travelers","volume":"313","author":"Barrett","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2013.02.008","article-title":"Antimalarial chemoprophylaxis and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"11","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195804172581608","article-title":"Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"258","author":"Burrell","year":"1958","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70109-0","article-title":"Toxic psychosis: a complication of antimalarial therapy","volume":"12","author":"Ward","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314558863","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms induced by hydroxychloroquine","volume":"24","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2011.00575.x","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine-induced acute psychosis in a systemic lupus erythematosus female","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2015280409","article-title":"Hydroxychloraquine-induced acute psychotic disorder in a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Altintas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dusunen Adam"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9638(04)93642-3","article-title":"Hallucinations during treatment with hydroxychloroquine","volume":"131","author":"Ferraro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1962.tb20626.x","article-title":"Concerning the side effects of antimalarial drugs used in the extended treatment of rheumatic diseases","volume":"49","author":"Drew","year":"1962","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2008.00272.x","article-title":"Evaluation of mood profiles during malaria chemoprophylaxis: a randomized, double-blind, four-arm study","volume":"16","author":"Schlagenhauf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Travel Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib61","first-page":"184","article-title":"Chloroquine-related depression","volume":"23","author":"Das","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198202000-00005","article-title":"Lethality and behavioral side effects of chloroquine","volume":"2","author":"Good","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2190\/8DRE-DBNH-MXXG-7AJF","article-title":"Chloroquine induced mania","volume":"23","author":"Akhtar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib64","article-title":"A\u00a0case of chloroquine-induced recurrent mania","volume":"14","author":"Bhatia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib65","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in use of methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide and biological drugs","volume":"54","author":"Pinho de Oliveira Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0498-5","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations in elderly patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: a review article","volume":"26","author":"Mascolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214016","article-title":"Chronic hydroxychloroquine\/chloroquine exposure for connective tissue diseases and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"78","author":"Fardet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05623-9","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine on progression of dementia in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an 18-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"358","author":"Van Gool","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2017.03.013","article-title":"Acute brain failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and sequelae of delirium","volume":"33","author":"Maldonado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.08.034","article-title":"Post-ICU psychological morbidity in very long ICU stay patients with ARDS and delirium","volume":"43","author":"Bashar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","article-title":"Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"382","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02882-x","article-title":"COVID-19 - ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Kotfis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.05.007","article-title":"A\u00a0case report of COVID-19 associated hyperactive delirium with proposed pathophysiology and treatment","author":"Sher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: a case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement","volume":"65","author":"Beach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib76","article-title":"Steroid-responsive encephalitis in COVID-19 disease","author":"Pilotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.05.012","article-title":"COVID-19 psychosis: a potential new neuropsychiatric condition triggered by novel coronavirus infection and the inflammatory response?","author":"Ferrando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib78","first-page":"201187","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features","author":"Poyiadji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30203-0","article-title":"Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2196","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1)-associated severe ARDS","volume":"142","author":"Luyt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030703","article-title":"SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Hawryluck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00322.x","article-title":"Survey amoung survivors of the 1995 Ebola epidemic in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo: their feelings and experiences","volume":"3","author":"De Roo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30141-3","article-title":"COVID-19, unemployment, and suicide","volume":"7","author":"Kawohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1432","article-title":"Elderly suicide and the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychosomatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033318220302097?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033318220302097?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:27:52Z","timestamp":1758500872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033318220302097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033318220302097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Psychiatric Aspects of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Treatment in the Wake of Coronavirus Disease-2019: Psychopharmacological Interactions and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychosomatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}