{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:30:22Z","timestamp":1790742622188,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,14]],"date-time":"2013-12-14T12:00:14Z","timestamp":1387022414000},"page":"23-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Increased serum interleukin-6 levels in early stages of psychosis: Associations with at-risk mental states and the severity of psychotic symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Martorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"Montalvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Monseny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Vilella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Labad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(99)00017-6","article-title":"HPA axis and cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: potential implications for the antipsychotic treatment","volume":"10","author":"Altamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-006-0179-0","article-title":"Frequency of the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) 282C-->Y, 63H-->D, and 65S-->C mutations in a general Mediterranean population from Tarragona, Spain","volume":"86","author":"Aranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.016","article-title":"Elevated serum level of type-2 cytokine and low IL-17 in first episode psychosis and schizophrenia in relapse","volume":"46","author":"Borovcanin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.2007","article-title":"C-174G polymorphism in the promoter of the interleukin-6 gene is associated with insulin resistance","volume":"28","author":"Cardellini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.03.022","article-title":"C-reactive protein is associated with the severity of cognitive impairment but not of psychiatric symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"93","author":"Dickerson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.07.011","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with more severe psychopathology in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"149","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2629","article-title":"The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis","volume":"102","author":"Fishman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269","article-title":"The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review","volume":"70","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90042-6","article-title":"Serum interleukin-6 concentration in schizophrenia: elevation associated with duration of illness","volume":"51","author":"Ganguli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.08.014","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in antipsychotic-naive patients with nonaffective psychosis and deficit vs. nondeficit features","volume":"198","author":"Garcia-Rizo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060802","article-title":"International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing","volume":"167","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0060","first-page":"2757","article-title":"Constitutive and interleukin-1 (IL-1)-inducible factors interact with the IL-1-responsive element in the IL-6 gene","volume":"10","author":"Isshiki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.12.004","article-title":"The role of CB1 in immune modulation by cannabinoids","volume":"137","author":"Kaplan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00171-1","article-title":"Relationships between interleukins, neurotransmitters and psychopathology in drug-free male schizophrenics","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq030","article-title":"IL-6: from its discovery to clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822e1853","article-title":"Fibrinogen and hemostasis: a primary hemostatic target for the management of acquired bleeding","volume":"114","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00034-6","article-title":"The inflammatory response system in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: increased serum interleukin-6","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700002579","article-title":"Validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in a Spanish population","volume":"16","author":"Lobo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)00049-W","article-title":"Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia and mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers","volume":"29","author":"Maes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)02915-0","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in schizophrenia, mania and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs","volume":"66","author":"Maes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.11.001","article-title":"Analyses of variants located in estrogen metabolism genes (ESR1, ESR2, COMT and APOE) and schizophrenia","volume":"100","author":"Martorell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.10.2.115","article-title":"Is relapse in schizophrenia an immune-mediated effect?","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"FOCUS: J. Lifelong Learn. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.013","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0120","first-page":"249","article-title":"Acute phase proteins as biological markers of negative psychopathology in paranoid schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Morera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02922260","article-title":"Neuroleptic treatment increases soluble IL-2 receptors and decreases soluble IL-6 receptors in schizophrenia","volume":"247","author":"Muller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05410.x","article-title":"The immune system and schizophrenia. An integrative view","volume":"917","author":"Muller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.03.019","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and immune regulation","volume":"60","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12020021","article-title":"Association of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and TNF-alpha (TNFalpha) gene polymorphisms with paranoid schizophrenia in a Polish population","volume":"25","author":"Paul-Samojedny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90093-0","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Peralta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2561-3","article-title":"Inflammation markers in point-of-care testing (POCT)","volume":"393","author":"Pfafflin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199610000-00011","article-title":"Effects of clozapine on plasma cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels","volume":"16","author":"Pollmacher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.09.024","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review","volume":"63","author":"Potvin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.03.022","article-title":"Stress and protective factors in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, first episode psychosis and healthy controls","volume":"129","author":"Pruessner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn359","article-title":"Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium testing of biological ascertainment for Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"169","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001995","article-title":"The discoidin domain receptor 1 as a novel susceptibility gene for schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Roig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000889","article-title":"Increased S100B blood levels in unmedicated and treated schizophrenic patients are correlated with negative symptomatology","volume":"6","author":"Rothermundt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2174\/157015912800604515","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of neuroinflammatory disorders","volume":"10","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2010.00617.x","article-title":"A haplotype of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta is associated with early onset of unipolar major depression","volume":"9","author":"Saus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00206-1","article-title":"Decreased levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in unmedicated and medicated schizophrenic patients","volume":"47","author":"Schwarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.06.016","article-title":"Genetic associations with schizophrenia: meta-analyses of 12 candidate genes","volume":"104","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.75560","article-title":"Attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome as a risk syndrome of psychosis, diagnosis in DSM-V: the debate","volume":"53","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(92)90117-U","article-title":"A comprehensive macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.230","article-title":"Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder","volume":"35","author":"Soria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.03.007","article-title":"Serotonin and interleukin-6: the role of genetic polymorphisms in IFN-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Udina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09563","article-title":"The environment and schizophrenia","volume":"468","author":"van Os","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0220","first-page":"109","article-title":"Development and verification of the Spanish version of the \u201cscanning system\u201d psychiatric interview (\u201cQuestionnaires for clinical evaluation in neuropsychiatry\u201d)","volume":"22","author":"Vazquez-Barquero","year":"1994","journal-title":"Actas Luso Esp. Neurol. Psiquiatr. Cienc. Afines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.02.005","article-title":"Association of schizophrenia with DTNBP1 but not with DAO, DAOA, NRG1 and RGS4 nor their genetic interaction","volume":"42","author":"Vilella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-003-0912-x","article-title":"The interleukin-6 (\u2212174) G\/C promoter polymorphism is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Native Americans and Caucasians","volume":"112","author":"Vozarova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.02.1031","article-title":"Convergent evidence shows a positive association of interleukin-1 gene complex locus with susceptibility to schizophrenia in the Caucasian population","volume":"120","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00167-6","article-title":"Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (\u201cprodromal\u201d) group","volume":"60","author":"Yung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2005.01714.x","article-title":"Mapping the onset of psychosis: the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states","volume":"39","author":"Yung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2012.01886.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism and plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Zakharyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453013004411?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453013004411?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:43:53Z","timestamp":1759682633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453013004411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0306453013004411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased serum interleukin-6 levels in early stages of psychosis: Associations with at-risk mental states and the severity of psychotic symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}