{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:10:49Z","timestamp":1789146649970,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,7]],"date-time":"2014-06-07T14:16:50Z","timestamp":1402150610000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Elevation of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in Holocaust survivor offspring: Evidence for an intergenerational effect of maternal trauma exposure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Bierer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather N.","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos P.","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Lehrner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iouri","family":"Makotkine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Seckl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Yehuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21647","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression","volume":"114","author":"Alikhani-Koopaei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0010","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR","author":"APA","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.1230939.x","article-title":"Placental 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a key regulator of fetal glucocorticoid exposure","volume":"46","author":"Benediktsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132","article-title":"Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect","volume":"151","author":"Bernstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.7.8238","article-title":"The maternal diet during pregnancy programs altered expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and type 2 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: potential molecular mechanisms underlying the programming of hypertension in utero","volume":"142","author":"Bertram","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2471061.x","article-title":"Additional value of measurement of urinary cortisone and unconjugated cortisol metabolites in assessing the activity of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in vivo","volume":"47","author":"Best","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0040","first-page":"75","article-title":"The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale","volume":"8","author":"Blake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.009","article-title":"The impact of maternal childhood abuse on maternal and infant HPA axis function in the postpartum period","volume":"35","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0540","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of prenatal stress on glucose homoeostasis and peripheral metabolism in rats","volume":"217","author":"Brunton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2012","article-title":"11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action","volume":"93","author":"Chapman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.019.2009","article-title":"Prenatal stress, glucocorticoids and the programming of adult disease","volume":"3","author":"Cottrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0065","series-title":"The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R)","author":"Derogatis","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070107","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the role of glucocorticoids in the early life programming of adult disease","volume":"113","author":"Drake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.11.17942","article-title":"Multigenerational programming in the glucocorticoid programmed rat is associated with generation-specific and parent of origin effects","volume":"6","author":"Drake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04453.x","article-title":"An unbalanced maternal diet in pregnancy associates with offspring epigenetic changes in genes controlling glucocorticoid action and foetal growth","volume":"77","author":"Drake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90148-A","article-title":"Dysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: link between fetal environment and adult hypertension?","volume":"341","author":"Edwards","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/250470","article-title":"Maternal exposure to the holocaust and health complaints in offspring","volume":"30","author":"Flory","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0095","series-title":"The Civilian Mississippi Scale","author":"Keane","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.11.019","article-title":"Maternal PTSD associates with greater glucocorticoid sensitivity in offspring of Holocaust survivors","volume":"40","author":"Lehrner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00690-2","article-title":"Early programming of the hypothalamo\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis","volume":"13","author":"Matthews","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000216539","article-title":"Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1595","article-title":"Developmental timing of the effects of maternal care on gene expression and epigenetic regulation of hormone receptor levels in female rats","volume":"154","author":"Pena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039791","article-title":"Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress on 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in the placenta and fetal brain","volume":"7","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.04.010","article-title":"Maternal prenatal licorice consumption alters hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenocortical axis function in children","volume":"35","author":"R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.08.012","article-title":"Glucocorticoid excess and the developmental origins of disease: two decades of testing the hypothesis \u2013 2012 Curt Richter Award Winner","volume":"38","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)67002-2","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, developmental \u2018programming\u2019 and the risk of affective dysfunction","volume":"167","author":"Seckl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0515","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal \u2018programming\u2019 of adult pathophysiology","volume":"3","author":"Seckl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.4.799","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human pregnancy and reduced expression in intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"13","author":"Shams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0150","series-title":"The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S T A I): Test Manual for Form X","author":"Spielberger","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0155","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R510","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00175.2009","article-title":"Sex-specific alterations in placental 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 activity and early postnatal clinical course following antenatal betamethasone","volume":"297","author":"Stark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0165","first-page":"885","article-title":"Type 2 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase messenger ribonucleic acid and activity in human placenta and fetal membranes: its relationship to birth weight and putative role in fetal adrenal steroidogenesis","volume":"80","author":"Stewart","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"282\u2013289","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0170","article-title":"Prenatal overexposure to glucocorticoids programs renal 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression and salt-sensitive hypertension in the rat","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.4.5900","article-title":"Tissue-specific messenger ribonucleic acid expression of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 and the glucocorticoid receptor within rat placenta suggests exquisite local control of glucocorticoid action","volume":"139","author":"Waddell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R7","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06374","article-title":"Chronic maternal stress inhibits the capacity to up-regulate placental 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity","volume":"186","author":"Welberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.7.8264","article-title":"Maternal undernutrition during early to midgestation programs tissue-specific alterations in the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms, and type 1 angiotensin ii receptor in neonatal sheep","volume":"142","author":"Whorwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1218","article-title":"Minireview: stress-related psychiatric disorders with low cortisol levels: a metabolic hypothesis","volume":"152","author":"Yehuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1252","article-title":"Low cortisol and risk for PTSD in adult offspring of holocaust survivors","volume":"157","author":"Yehuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01357-4","article-title":"The cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor response to low dose dexamethasone administration in aging combat veterans and holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0550","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy","volume":"90","author":"Yehuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.5.998","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD","volume":"162","author":"Yehuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.047","article-title":"Are adult offspring reliable informants about parental PTSD? A validation study","volume":"1071","author":"Yehuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.1.163","article-title":"Effects of parental PTSD on the cortisol response to dexamethasone administration in their adult offspring","volume":"164","author":"Yehuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.9.1040","article-title":"Parental posttraumatic stress disorder as a vulnerability factor for low cortisol trait in offspring of holocaust survivors","volume":"64","author":"Yehuda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.01.002","article-title":"Maternal, not paternal, PTSD is related to increased risk for PTSD in offspring of Holocaust survivors","volume":"42","author":"Yehuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.12.003","article-title":"Enduring effects of severe developmental adversity, including nutritional deprivation, on cortisol metabolism in aging Holocaust survivors","volume":"43","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1969-6","article-title":"Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD","volume":"212","author":"Yehuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berlin)"}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453014002078?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453014002078?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:46:29Z","timestamp":1759682789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453014002078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0306453014002078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Elevation of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in Holocaust survivor offspring: Evidence for an intergenerational effect of maternal trauma exposure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.06.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}