{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T21:06:17Z","timestamp":1784927177465,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T06:01:52Z","timestamp":1410847312000},"page":"311-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cortisol, but not intranasal insulin, affects the central processing of visual food cues"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana S.","family":"Ferreira de S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian E.","family":"Streit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1255-0600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melly S.","family":"Oitzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry D.","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Sch\u00e4chinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.011","article-title":"Stress, eating and the reward system","volume":"91","author":"Adam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.1819","article-title":"The right brain hypothesis for obesity","volume":"297","author":"Alonso-Alonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0960513","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets","volume":"96","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2606","article-title":"Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin","volume":"93","author":"Benedict","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.02.044","article-title":"\u2018Liking\u2019 and \u2018wanting\u2019 food rewards: brain substrates and roles in eating disorders","volume":"97","author":"Berridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x","article-title":"Committee report: guidelines for human startle eyeblink electromyographic studies","volume":"42","author":"Blumenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.08.002","article-title":"Intranasal insulin attenuates the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress","volume":"33","author":"Bohringer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0602-849","article-title":"Sniffing neuropeptides: a transnasal approach to the human brain","volume":"5","author":"Born","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.3.276","article-title":"Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing","volume":"1","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.107.6.970","article-title":"Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: habituation in humans","volume":"107","author":"Bradley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(00)00450-0","article-title":"Exogenous cortisol exerts effects on the startle reflex independent of emotional modulation","volume":"68","author":"Buchanan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.965","article-title":"Effects of overfeeding on the neuronal response to visual food cues","volume":"86","author":"Cornier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44724.x","article-title":"The neural network that regulates energy balance is responsive to glucocorticoids and insulin and also regulates HPA axis responsivity at a site proximal to CRF neurons","volume":"771","author":"Dallman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.11.004","article-title":"Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity","volume":"19","author":"Dallman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(92)90294-S","article-title":"Synthesis of a cortisol-biotin conjugate and evaluation as a tracer in an immunoassay for salivary cortisol measurement","volume":"43","author":"Dressendorfer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00093-X","article-title":"Food deprivation and emotional reactions to food cues: implications for eating disorders","volume":"57","author":"Drobes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.3.382","article-title":"On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: dissonance as psychological discomfort","volume":"67","author":"Elliot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(00)00035-4","article-title":"Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior","volume":"26","author":"Epel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12166","article-title":"Acoustic startle reactivity while processing reward-related food cues during food deprivation: evidence from women in different menstrual cycle phases and men","volume":"51","author":"Ferreira de S\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00202-5","article-title":"A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry","volume":"114","author":"Grillon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(02)00666-1","article-title":"Stimulus-induced craving and startle potentiation in abstinent alcoholics and controls","volume":"17","author":"Grusser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(04)00349-X","article-title":"Manipulating central nervous mechanisms of food intake and body weight regulation by intranasal administration of neuropeptides in man","volume":"83","author":"Hallschmid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1390","article-title":"Postprandial administration of intranasal insulin intensifies satiety and reduces intake of palatable snacks in women","volume":"61","author":"Hallschmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122601102","article-title":"Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis","volume":"226","author":"Havel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2004.06.008","article-title":"Craving and startle modification during in vivo exposure to food cues","volume":"43","author":"Hawk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0025","article-title":"Intranasal insulin suppresses food intake via enhancement of brain energy levels in humans","author":"Jauch-Chara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1996.0144","article-title":"Steroid hormones and excitability in the mammalian brain","volume":"18","author":"Joels","year":"1997","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.01.028","article-title":"The effects of glucocorticoids on feeding behavior in rats","volume":"89","author":"la Fleur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00275-3","article-title":"Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology","volume":"44","author":"Lang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2001.00706.x","article-title":"A new perspective on glucocorticoid feedback: relation to stress, carbohydrate feeding and feeling better","volume":"13","author":"Laugero","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.4.541","article-title":"New insights into the role and mechanism of glycogen synthase activation by insulin","volume":"46","author":"Lawrence","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(03)00080-1","article-title":"Prepulse inhibition of the human startle eye blink response by visual food cues","volume":"41","author":"L\u00fcthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(97)00101-6","article-title":"Physiologic responses to sensory stimulation by food: nutritional implications","volume":"97","author":"Mattes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.3.567","article-title":"Affect regulation and food intake in bulimia nervosa: emotional responding to food cues after deprivation and subsequent eating","volume":"115","author":"Mauler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.2000.0328","article-title":"Cephalic phase responses, craving and food intake in normal subjects","volume":"35","author":"Nederkoorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.90","article-title":"Metabolic adaptations to dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in healthy volunteers","volume":"11","author":"Nicod","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57873","article-title":"Circulating glucose levels modulate neural control of desire for high-calorie foods in humans","volume":"121","author":"Page","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2005.01.008","article-title":"The role of insulin receptor signaling in the brain","volume":"16","author":"Plum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.09.009","article-title":"State craving, food availability, and reactivity to preferred snack foods","volume":"54","author":"Rejeski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2004.10.001","article-title":"Subjective and physiological reactivity to chocolate images in high and low chocolate cravers","volume":"70","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22304","article-title":"Intranasal insulin increases regional cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex in men independently of cortisol manipulation","volume":"35","author":"Schilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122601103","article-title":"Brain pathways controlling food intake and body weight","volume":"226","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.365","article-title":"Prepared to eat: how immediate affective and motivational responses to food cues are influenced by food deprivation","volume":"37","author":"Seibt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.071","article-title":"The impact of hunger on food cue processing: an event-related brain potential study","volume":"47","author":"Stockburger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00260.x","article-title":"Measuring daily events and experiences: decisions for the researcher","volume":"59","author":"Stone","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0230","first-page":"R142","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and insulin: reciprocal signals for energy balance","volume":"268","author":"Strack","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.05.012","article-title":"Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice","volume":"20","author":"Stroebele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0240","first-page":"E317","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans","volume":"271","author":"Tataranni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0245","first-page":"365","article-title":"A German version of the Eating Disorder Inventory EDI-2","volume":"47","author":"Thiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00429-4","article-title":"Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress","volume":"53","author":"Tsigos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022092","article-title":"Effects of severity of threat and perceived availability on the attractiveness of objects","volume":"2","author":"Turner","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3560690","article-title":"Optimal EMG signal bandwidth and interelectrode distance for the recording of acoustic, electrocutaneous, and photic blink reflexes","volume":"35","author":"van Boxtel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00076-3","article-title":"Stress, dietary restraint and food intake","volume":"48","author":"Wardle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00071-9","article-title":"The roles of ethnicity and culture in the development of eating disturbance and body dissatisfaction: a meta-analytic review","volume":"21","author":"Wildes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.04.007","article-title":"The control of food intake: behavioral versus molecular perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Woods","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19980089","article-title":"Taste, palatability and the control of appetite","volume":"57","author":"Yeomans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453014003461?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453014003461?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:49:30Z","timestamp":1759682970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453014003461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0306453014003461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cortisol, but not intranasal insulin, affects the central processing of visual food cues","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}