{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:45:56Z","timestamp":1792237556123,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,25]],"date-time":"2015-05-25T14:39:32Z","timestamp":1432564772000},"page":"123-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Susann","family":"Steudte-Schmiedgen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Stalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sch\u00f6nfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Ulrich","family":"Wittchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Trautmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Kirschbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005","article-title":"Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: focus on the Trier Social Stress Test","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.008","article-title":"A consideration of select pre-trauma factors as key vulnerabilities in PTSD","volume":"32","author":"Bomyea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00067-7","article-title":"Cortisol response to a cognitive stress challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse","volume":"28","author":"Bremner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334448","article-title":"The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders","volume":"10","author":"Breslau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00896-9","article-title":"Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims","volume":"48","author":"Delahanty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00185-8","article-title":"Injury severity, prior trauma history, urinary cortisol levels, and acute PTSD in motor vehicle accident victims","volume":"17","author":"Delahanty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.11.004","article-title":"Diminished cortisol responses to psychosocial stress associated with lifetime adverse events a study among healthy young subjects","volume":"33","author":"Elzinga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300226","article-title":"Higher cortisol levels following exposure to traumatic reminders in abuse-related PTSD","volume":"28","author":"Elzinga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.01.010","article-title":"Human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to acute psychosocial stress in laboratory settings","volume":"35","author":"Foley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.03.008","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in human hair using a column-switching LC-APCI-MS\/MS assay","volume":"928","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr., B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.12.2276","article-title":"Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: a 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters","volume":"162","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104864","article-title":"Effects of acute cortisol administration on perceptual priming of trauma-related material","volume":"9","author":"Holz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.02.001","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of acute trauma memories to prevent PTSD: considerations from a developmental perspective","volume":"112","author":"Hruska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"The \u2018Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2014a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00529.x","article-title":"Structural and functional neuroplasticity in relation to traumatic stress","volume":"16","author":"Kolassa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.018","article-title":"Lifetime adversity leads to blunted stress axis reactivity: studies from the Oklahoma family health patterns project","volume":"71","author":"Lovallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0585-7","article-title":"Lifetime traumatic experiences and their impact on PTSD: a general population study","volume":"48","author":"Lukaschek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.020","article-title":"Hair cortisol level as a biomarker for altered hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal activity in female adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"72","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024877","article-title":"Cortisol and post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"Meewisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.1.25","article-title":"If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenocortical axis in humans","volume":"133","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.02.002","article-title":"Relations among posttraumatic stress disorder, comorbid major depression, and HPA function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Morris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.04.001","article-title":"The role of acute cortisol and DHEAS in predicting acute and chronic PTSD symptoms","volume":"45","author":"Mouthaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-4-34","article-title":"Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees","volume":"4","author":"Neuner","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00108-7","article-title":"Two formulas for computation of the area under the curve represent measures of total hormone concentration versus time-dependent change","volume":"28","author":"Pruessner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.11.018","article-title":"Hypocortisolism and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in Bosnian war refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"55","author":"Rohleder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.030","article-title":"Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis function in dissociative disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and healthy volunteers","volume":"61","author":"Simeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.07.010","article-title":"Cytokine production as a putative biological mechanism underlying stress sensitization in high combat exposed soldiers","volume":"51","author":"Smid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.06.006","article-title":"Associations between psychosocial state variables and the cortisol awakening response in a single case study","volume":"35","author":"Stalder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.02.002","article-title":"Analysis of cortisol in hair-state of the art and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Stalder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015","article-title":"Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Staufenbiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.03.011","article-title":"Hair cortisol as a biomarker of traumatization in healthy individuals and posttraumatic stress disorder patients","volume":"74","author":"Steudte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.02.012","article-title":"Increased cortisol concentrations in hair of severely traumatized Ugandan individuals with PTSD","volume":"36","author":"Steudte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.019","article-title":"Predictors of changes in daily alcohol consumption in the aftermath of military deployment","volume":"147","author":"Trautmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990332","article-title":"Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse","volume":"22","author":"Trickett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.026","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor pathway components predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom development: a prospective study","volume":"71","author":"van Zuiden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10050706","article-title":"Pre-existing high glucocorticoid receptor number predicting development of posttraumatic stress symptoms after military deployment","volume":"168","author":"van Zuiden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.03.018","article-title":"Glucocorticoid sensitivity of leukocytes predicts PTSD, depressive and fatigue symptoms after military deployment: a prospective study","volume":"37","author":"van Zuiden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.11.013","article-title":"A prospective study on personality and the cortisol awakening response to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to military deployment","volume":"45","author":"van Zuiden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.05.017","article-title":"Cortisol at the emergency room rape visit as a predictor of PTSD and depression symptoms over time","volume":"38","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0200","series-title":"PTSD-Checklist for DSM-IV (PCL-C)","author":"Weathers","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247564","article-title":"The German version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): preliminary psychometric properties","volume":"60","author":"Wingenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0210","author":"Wittchen","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0215","series-title":"CIDI-Military Version (MI)","author":"Wittchen","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0220","first-page":"559","article-title":"Traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder in soldiers following deployment abroad: how big is the hidden problem?","volume":"109","author":"Wittchen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-1044.1000133","article-title":"Rates of mental disorders among German soldiers deployed to Afghanistan: increased risk of PTSD or of mental disorders in general?","volume":"2","author":"Wittchen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1356","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and determinants of PTSD and other mental disorders: design and methods of the PID-PTSD+3 study","volume":"21","author":"Wittchen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Method Psychtr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04979.x","article-title":"Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"1179","author":"Yehuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.4.499","article-title":"Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"148","author":"Yehuda","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.015","article-title":"Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Yirmiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024","article-title":"Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature","volume":"37","author":"Zoladz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453015001961?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453015001961?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:50:13Z","timestamp":1759683013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453015001961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0306453015001961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}