{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:49:54Z","timestamp":1793731794747,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T01:30:36Z","timestamp":1441157436000},"page":"389-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Immobility in the forced swim test is adaptive and does not reflect depression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Marc L.","family":"Molendijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Ronald","family":"de Kloet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra073096","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"358","author":"Belmaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(86)90110-1","article-title":"Does the behavioral despair test measure behavioral despair?","volume":"38","author":"Borsini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.10.009","article-title":"Evidence for the involvement of extinction-associated inhibitory learning in the forced swimming test","volume":"278","author":"Campus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0526-08.2008","article-title":"Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress","volume":"28","author":"Champagne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4330","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004330","article-title":"Exercise improves cognitive responses to psychological stress through enhancement of epigenetic mechanisms and gene expression in the dentate gyrus","volume":"4","author":"Collins","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001457","article-title":"In search of a depressed mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice","volume":"9","author":"Cryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2233","article-title":"Previous history of chronic stress changes the transcriptional response to glucocorticoid challenge in the dentate gyrus region of the male rat hippocampus","volume":"154","author":"Datson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000124900","article-title":"Antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 attenuates retention of a behaviour and disinhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis at different brain sites","volume":"47","author":"De Kloet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90261-8","article-title":"Learned immobility explains the behavior of rats in the forced swimming test","volume":"46","author":"De Pablo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.175","article-title":"Hippocampal gene expression changes underlying stress sensitization and recovery","volume":"19","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13806","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104383108","article-title":"Long-lasting behavioral responses to stress involve a direct interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with ERK1\/2-MSK1-Elk-1 signaling","volume":"108","author":"Guti\u00e8rrez-Mecinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/274512a0","article-title":"Swimming rats and human depression","volume":"274","author":"Hawkins","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(83)90113-9","article-title":"Behavioral effect of adrenalectomy: reversal by glucocorticoids or [D-ALA2: MET5] Enkephalinamide","volume":"92","author":"Jefferys","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050730","article-title":"The medical management of depression","volume":"353","author":"Mann","year":"2005","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2647","article-title":"Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"13","author":"Nestler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(88)90266-1","article-title":"Is immobility of rats in the forced swim test behavioral despair?","volume":"42","author":"Nishimura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/266730a0","article-title":"Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatment","volume":"266","author":"Porsolt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(78)90414-4","article-title":"\u2018Behavioral despair\u2019 in rats and mice; strain differences and the effects of imipramine","volume":"51","author":"Porsolt","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00005","article-title":"Making memories of stressful events: a journey along epigenetic, gene transcription, and signaling pathways","volume":"5","author":"Reul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.044","article-title":"Using the rat forced swim test to assess depression-like activity in rodents","volume":"7","author":"Slattery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90693-4","article-title":"Glucocorticoids facilitate the retention of acquired immobility during forced swimming","volume":"115","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11617","article-title":"A prefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge","volume":"492","author":"Warden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(90)90073-P","article-title":"Neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming: the role of learned memory in the forced swim test","volume":"14","author":"West","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453015009014?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453015009014?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:54:06Z","timestamp":1759683246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453015009014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S0306453015009014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immobility in the forced swim test is adaptive and does not reflect depression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}