{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:38:25Z","timestamp":1787783905191,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T18:50:32Z","timestamp":1601405432000},"page":"104831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Are the thyroid and adrenal system alterations linked in depression?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Mokrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Erb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Gonzalez Lopera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Danila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001364","article-title":"Decreased thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of patients with major depression","volume":"8","author":"Alkemade","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1430","article-title":"Glucocorticoids decrease thyrotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus","volume":"90","author":"Alkemade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0015","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","first-page":"273","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5127\/pr.034413","article-title":"The HPA axis in the pathogenesis and treatment of depressive disorders: integrating clinical and molecular findings","volume":"3","author":"Baumeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopathol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-1-83","article-title":"Circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in euthyroid man under the influence of thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid administration","volume":"65","author":"Brabant","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin Edocrinol Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780260017001","article-title":"A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility","volume":"8","author":"Carroll","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0035","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cosinor-based rhytmometry","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Med. Model."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5537","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0526","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)-induced thyrotropin release is directly mediated through CRH receptor type 2 on thyrotropes","volume":"144","author":"De Groef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.3.365","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness. A psychosocial model","volume":"164","author":"Dinan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0050","first-page":"166","article-title":"Thyroid activity in depression","volume":"4","author":"Duval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals Thyroid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810170043007","article-title":"Difference between evening and morning thyrotropin responses to protirelin in major depressive episode","volume":"47","author":"Duval","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830090081012","article-title":"Effect of antidepressant medication on morning and evening thyroid function tests during a major depressive episode","volume":"53","author":"Duval","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.005","article-title":"Chronobiological hypothalamic-pituitary-axis status and antidepressant outcome in major depression","volume":"59","author":"Duval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.07.488","article-title":"Relationship between chronobiological thyrotropin and prolactin responses to protirelin (TRH) and suicidal behavior in depressed patients","volume":"85","author":"Duval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between melatonergic and thyroid systems in depression","volume":"3","author":"Duval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00094-7","article-title":"In vitro study of corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced thyrotropin release: ontogeny and inhibition by somatostatin","volume":"132","author":"Geris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000163456.22154.d2","article-title":"Hypercortisolemia and depression","volume":"67","author":"Gillepsie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90017-5","article-title":"The combined dexamethasone\/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders","volume":"28","author":"Heuser","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(86)90121-6","article-title":"Human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression--correlation with thyrotropin secretion following thyrotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"21","author":"Holsboer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.951","article-title":"The thyroid axis in depression","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0110","first-page":"470","article-title":"Antidepressants inhibit the glucocorticoid stimulation of thyrotropin releasing hormone expression in cultured hypothalamic neurons","volume":"46","author":"Jackson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2003.01081.x","article-title":"Kinase-dependent regulation of the secretion of thyrotropin and luteinizing hormone by glucocorticoid and annexin 1 peptides","volume":"15","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.7.7789304","article-title":"Changes in adrenal status affect hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in parallel with corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"136","author":"Kakucska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Edocrinology."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2005.05.003","article-title":"Thyroidhormones inhibit frog cortocotropin-releasing factor-inducedthytoptopin release from the bullfrog pituitary in vitro","volume":"144","author":"Kaneko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-016-0108-x","article-title":"Clinical application of DEX\/CRH test and multichannel NIRS in patients with depression","volume":"31","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(80)90055-4","article-title":"Dissociation of TSH adrenocortical disturbances in endogenous depression","volume":"3","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02524.x","article-title":"Twenty-four hour serum levels of TSH in affective disorders","volume":"69","author":"Kjellman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta. Psychiatr. Scand."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.4.405","article-title":"Serum thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in psychiatric patients: a review","volume":"139","author":"Loosen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.2.244","article-title":"Influence of cortisol on TRH-induced TSH response in depression","volume":"135","author":"Loosen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01550-3","article-title":"Glucocorticoids stimulate TRH and c-fos\/c-jun gene co-expression in cultured hypothalamic neurons","volume":"791","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90049-E","article-title":"Suppressive effects of dexamethasone on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function in depressed patients","volume":"20","author":"Maes","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0165","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effects of dexamethasone on TRH, TRH-glycine and pre-pro-TRH levels in various rat organs","volume":"27","author":"Mitsuma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0170","article-title":"Role of glucocorticoids in regulation of iodine metabolism in thyroid gland: effects of hyper-and hypocorticism, glucocorticoids - new recognition of our familiar friend, xiaoxiao qian","author":"Nadolnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"IntechOpen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0175","first-page":"5","article-title":"The neurobiology of depression: inroads of treatment and new drug discovery","volume":"66","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.2.8393765","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone inhibits glucocorticoid secretion of rat adrenal cortex: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"133","author":"Neri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1359786806066063","article-title":"The glucocorticoid receptor, part of the solution or part of the problem?","volume":"163","author":"Pariante","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","article-title":"The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments","volume":"31","author":"Pariante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.8.755","article-title":"24-Hour monitoring of cortisol and corticotropin secretion in psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression","volume":"57","author":"Posener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-43-2-338","article-title":"The effect of glucocorticoid administration on human pituitary secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin","volume":"43","author":"Re","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1076","article-title":"Thyrotropin secretion patterns in health and disease","volume":"34","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoc Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0580","article-title":"Diminished and irregular TSH secretion with delayed acrophase in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"161","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0215","first-page":"483","article-title":"The neuroendocrinology of affective disorders in Hormones, Brain and Behavior: vol. 5","volume":"97","author":"Rubin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pfaff DW Academic Press Chap"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v57n1006","article-title":"The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with mood disorders","volume":"57","author":"Rush","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0225","first-page":"3700","article-title":"Thyrotropin levels during hydrocortisone infusion that mimic fasting-induced cortisol elevations: a clinical research center study","volume":"82","author":"Samuels","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endoc Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004324","article-title":"The combined Dexamethasone\/CRH test (DEX\/CRH Test) and prediction of acute treatment response in major depression","volume":"4","author":"Sch\u00fcle","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90207-2","article-title":"Circadian rhythm in depression and recovery : evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronbiological abnormality","volume":"20","author":"Sou\u00eatre","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.2.168","article-title":"Bio-social origins of depression in the community","volume":"180","author":"Strickland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.027","article-title":"Widespread negative response elements mediate direct repression by agonist-liganded glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"145","author":"Surjit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2006.03.001","article-title":"The dex\/CRH test is it better than the DST?","volume":"31","author":"Watson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00594.x","article-title":"The 24-hour pattern of serum TSH in patients with endogenous depression","volume":"62","author":"Weeke","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta. Psychiatric. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90018-4","article-title":"The effect of dexamethasone dosage upon plasma cortisol and dexamethasone during the DST","volume":"19","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820170073010","article-title":"Dissociation between pituitary and adrenal suppression to dexamethasone in depression","volume":"50","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychoneuroendocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453020302535?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306453020302535?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T17:10:41Z","timestamp":1759684241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306453020302535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0306453020302535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Are the thyroid and adrenal system alterations linked in depression?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Psychoneuroendocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104831","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104831"}}