{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T21:23:53Z","timestamp":1772486633382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]],"date-time":"2004-04-22T13:16:06Z","timestamp":1082639766000},"page":"268-274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Genetics and visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan: seeking a link"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jenefer M.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiba S.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muntaser E.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90313-T","article-title":"Outbreak of kala-azar in the Sudan","volume":"335","author":"De Beer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91834-5","article-title":"Epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Perea","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.826","article-title":"Endemic kala-azar in Eastern Sudan, a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"Zijlstra","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.941","article-title":"Kala-azar in a high transmission focus: an ethnic and geographical dimension","volume":"61","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363977","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan: linkage and association with IL4 and IFNGR1","volume":"4","author":"Mohamed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201089","article-title":"SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363927","article-title":"Genetic control of visceral leishmaniasis in a Sudanese population: candidate gene testing indicates a linkage to the NRAMP1 region","volume":"4","author":"Bucheton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00150.x","article-title":"SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and disease","volume":"3","author":"Blackwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90135-D","article-title":"Natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites: isolation of a candidate for Bcg","volume":"73","author":"Vidal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3540511","article-title":"Natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 is an H+\/bivalent cation antiporter","volume":"354","author":"Goswami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.3.655","article-title":"The Ity\/Lsh\/Bcg locus: natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites is abrogated by disruption of the Nramp1 gene","volume":"182","author":"Vidal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.111.19.2855","article-title":"Localization of Nramp1 in macrophages: modulation with activation and infection","volume":"111","author":"Searle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00231-6","article-title":"Divalent cation transport and susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune disease: continuation of the Ity\/Lsh\/Bcg\/Nramp1\/Slc11a1 gene story","volume":"85","author":"Blackwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803053381002","article-title":"Variation in the NRAMP1 gene is associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans","volume":"338","author":"Bellamy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1086\/315091","article-title":"Variants of the human NRAMP1 gene and altered human immunodeficiency virus infection susceptibility","volume":"180","author":"Marquet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1086\/338007","article-title":"A unified stepwise regression procedure for evaluating the relative effects of polymorphisms within a gene using case\/control or family data: application to HLA in type 1 diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Cordell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.36.4.295","article-title":"Evidence for a functional repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the human NRAMP1 gene that correlates with autoimmune versus infectious disease susceptibility","volume":"36","author":"Searle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401567","article-title":"Genomic organization and sequence of the human NRAMP gene: identification and mapping of a promoter region polymorphism","volume":"1","author":"Blackwell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB19","first-page":"845","article-title":"Identification of polymorphisms and sequence variants in human homologue of the mouse natural resistance-associated macrophage protein gene","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00179408","article-title":"Identification of a highly polymorphic length variant in the 3\u2032UTR of NRAMP1","volume":"42","author":"Buu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1619","article-title":"Genetic and physical mapping of 2q35 in the region of NRAMP and IL8R genes: Identification of a polymorphic repeat in exon 2 of NRAMP","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02602562","article-title":"Identification of a C to T mutation at position \u2013236 bp in the human NRAMP1 promoter","volume":"44","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90833-7","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: a pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control","volume":"58","author":"Lenardo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363944","article-title":"Extent and distribution of linkage disequilibrium around the SLC11A1 locus","volume":"4","author":"Yip","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB25","unstructured":"Zaahl, M.G. et al. Analysis of the SLC11A1 5\u2032-(GT)n repeat polymorphism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: in vivo and in vitro evidence for a protective allelic effect in the presence of the \u2013237C\/T polymorphism. Blood Cells Mol.Dis. (in press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1086\/345920","article-title":"Interleukin-10, polymorphism in SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1), and susceptibility to tuberculosis","volume":"186","author":"Awomoyi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/283072a0","article-title":"Influence of H-2 complex on acquired resistance to Leishmania donovani infection in mice","volume":"283","author":"Blackwell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363852","article-title":"Genetic analysis of multicase families of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil: no major role for class II or class III regions of HLA","volume":"3","author":"Peacock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80017-9","article-title":"Helper T-cell subsets in mouse leishmaniasis induction, expansion and effector function","volume":"12","author":"Locksley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, H.S. et al. SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 12, 66\u201374.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201089"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.3.1069-1073.1993","article-title":"Leishmania donovani-reactive Th1- and Th2-like T-cell clones from individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"61","author":"Kemp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.522","article-title":"Circulating T helper 1 (Th1) cell- and Th2 cell-associated cytokines in Indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Sundar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90038-R","article-title":"Determinants of the immune response in visceral leishmaniasis: evidence for predominance of endogenous interleukin 4 over interferon-gamma production","volume":"57","author":"Zwingenberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00918.x","article-title":"Leishmania-specific T cells expressing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-10 upon activation are expanded in individuals cured of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"116","author":"Kemp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(98)00132-1","article-title":"T-cell response in human leishmaniasis","volume":"65","author":"Kharazmi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03577.x","article-title":"Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production by Leishmania stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonexposed individuals","volume":"41","author":"Kurtzhals","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80414-6","article-title":"Differential regulation of IL-9-expression after infection with Leishmania major in susceptible and resistant mice","volume":"189","author":"Gessner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.1993.tb00154.x","article-title":"Mapping of genes controlling Leishmania major infection in CXS recombinant inbred mice","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunogenet."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90219-6","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB40","first-page":"765","article-title":"The natural history of Sudanese post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: clinical, immunological and prognostic features","volume":"96","author":"Musa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612263352602","article-title":"A mutation in the interferon-\u03b3-receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection","volume":"335","author":"Newport","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612263352604","article-title":"Interferon-gamma-receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette\u2013Guerin infection","volume":"335","author":"Jouanguy","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1432","article-title":"Impairmant of mycobacterial immunity in human interleukin-12 receptor deficiency","volume":"280","author":"Altare","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1435","article-title":"Severe mycobacterial and Salmonella infections in interleukin-12 receptor-deficient patients","volume":"280","author":"De Jong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061154","article-title":"Impairment of mycobacterial but not viral immunity by a germline human STAT1 mutation","volume":"293","author":"Dupuis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.8","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil","volume":"20","author":"Peacock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB47","first-page":"439","article-title":"Complete multipoint sib-pair analysis of qualitative and quantitative traits","volume":"57","author":"Kruglyak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB48","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Parametric and nonparametric linkage analysis: a unified multipoint approach","volume":"58","author":"Kruglyak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/75514","article-title":"Allegro, a new computer program for multipoint linkage analysis","volume":"25","author":"Gudbjartsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1086\/301592","article-title":"Allele-sharing models: LOD scores and accurate linkage tests","volume":"61","author":"Kong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB51","first-page":"506","article-title":"Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)","volume":"52","author":"Spielman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1995.tb00751.x","article-title":"An extended transmission\/disequilibrium test (TDT) for multi-allele marker loci","volume":"59","author":"Sham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1086\/302915","article-title":"Unbiased application of the transmission disequilibrium test to multilocus haplotypes","volume":"66","author":"Dudbridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/117.2.331","article-title":"Gametic disequilibrium measures: proceed with caution","volume":"117","author":"Hedrick","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.2.182","article-title":"GOLD\u2013graphical overview of linkage disequilibrium","volume":"16","author":"Abecasis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.2.150","article-title":"Identification of novel alleles at a polymorphic microsatellite repeat region in the human NRAMP1 gene promoter: analysis of allele frequencies in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2001.580606.x","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a novel promoter polymorphism of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene","volume":"58","author":"Kojima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492204000984?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492204000984?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T12:26:47Z","timestamp":1682684807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492204000984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492204000984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}}}