{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:54:42Z","timestamp":1790898882726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,28]],"date-time":"2005-12-28T15:03:58Z","timestamp":1135782238000},"page":"85-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Immunopathogenic mechanisms in schistosomiasis: what can be learnt from human studies?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Frederico G.C.","family":"Abath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarice N.L.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo L.","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia M.L.","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063005","article-title":"Regulations of the immune response by antigen","volume":"293","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib2","series-title":"Immunology and molecular biology of parasite infections","article-title":"Mechanisms of immunopathology in parasitic infections","author":"Phillips","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00197.x","article-title":"The immunobiology of Th1 polarization in high-pathology schistosomiasis","volume":"201","author":"Stadecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843","article-title":"The immunobiology of schistosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01626-1","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis mansoni in mice and men","volume":"21","author":"Cheever","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000700002","article-title":"Experimental models of Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"97","author":"Cheever","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80095-1","article-title":"Immunology of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni: a human perspective","volume":"1","author":"Dunne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01551-0","article-title":"Immunopathology of schistosomiasis: a cautionary tale of mice and men","volume":"21","author":"Fallon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.1-12.2004","article-title":"Regulation of granulomatous inflammation in experimental models of schistosomiasis","volume":"72","author":"Stavitsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00176.x","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of schistosomiasis","volume":"201","author":"Wynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(02)52014-5","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated host responses during schistosome infections; walking the fine line between immunological control and immunopathology","volume":"52","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00195.x","article-title":"Interleukin-13 in the skin and interferon-\u03b3 in the liver are key players in immune protection in human schistosomiasis","volume":"201","author":"Dessein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-136.x","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of human immune response to Schistosoma mansoni: analysis of the role of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 on peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses","volume":"46","author":"Malaquias","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.946","article-title":"Leukocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni respond with a Th2 pattern of cytokine production to mitogen or egg antigens but with a Th0 pattern to worm antigens","volume":"170","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1086\/314748","article-title":"Cytokine production in acute versus chronic human schistosomiasis mansoni: the cross-regulatory role of interferon-gamma and interleukin- 10 in the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenocytes to parasite antigens","volume":"179","author":"Montenegro","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1086\/324668","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic evaluation of 31 patients with acute schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"185","author":"de Jesus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1086\/517832","article-title":"Antigen-specific proliferation and interferon-\u03b3 and interleukin-5 production are down-regulated during Schistosoma haematobium infection","volume":"177","author":"Grogan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90436-7","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 production by pripheral blood mononuclear cells from residents of an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"88","author":"Viana","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.11.009","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis mansoni: intensity of infection differentially affects the production of interleukin-10, interferon-gamma and interleukin-13 by soluble egg antigen or adult worm antigen stimulated cultures","volume":"98","author":"Silveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib20","first-page":"1619","article-title":"The absence of gamma-interferon production of S. mansoni antigens in patients with schistosomiasis","volume":"27","author":"Araujo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260633","article-title":"Evidence of a T helper type 2 activation in human schistosomiasis","volume":"26","author":"Araujo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1992","article-title":"High levels of TNF, soluble TNF receptors, soluble ICAM-1, and IFN-gamma, but low levels of IL-5, are associated with hepatosplenic disease in human schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"160","author":"Mwatha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4706","article-title":"Phenotype and cytokine profile of Schistosoma mansoni specific T cell lines and clones derived from schistosomiasis patients with distinct clinical forms","volume":"91","author":"Contigli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3391-3397.2004","article-title":"Association of type 2 cytokines with hepatic fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"72","author":"de Jesus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.12.4715","article-title":"Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human urinary schistosomiasis. IL-10 modulates lymphocyte reactivity","volume":"156","author":"King","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.9.4473","article-title":"IL-10 regulates liver pathology in acute murine schistosomiasis mansoni but is not required for immune down-modulation of chronic disease","volume":"160","author":"Wynn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6406","article-title":"Il-10 and the dangers of immune polarization: excessive type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses induce distinct forms of lethal immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis","volume":"164","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.1224","article-title":"CD25+CD4+ cells contribute to Th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing Th1 response development","volume":"173","author":"McKee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3157","article-title":"The pathogenesis of schistosomiasis is controlled by cooperating IL-10-producing innate effector and regulatory T cells","volume":"172","author":"Hesse","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3315","article-title":"Recombinant IL-10 and IL-10\/Fc treatment down-regulate egg antigen-specific delayed hypersensivity reactions and egg granuloma formation in schistosomiasis","volume":"156","author":"Flores-Villanueva","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.10.5014","article-title":"Analysis of granuloma formation in double cytokine-deficient mice reveals a central role for IL-10 in polarizing both T helper cell 1-and T helper cell 2-type cytokine responses in vivo","volume":"159","author":"Wynn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.5903-5912.2002","article-title":"Enhanced interleukin-12 and CD40 ligand activities but reduced Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1-induced responses suggest a generalized and progressively impaired type 1 cytokine pattern for human schistosomiasis","volume":"70","author":"Montenegro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.619","article-title":"CD4+T cell-mediated granulomatous pathology in schistosomiasis is downregulated by a B cell-dependent mechanism requiring Fc receptor signaling","volume":"187","author":"Jankovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.3.1002","article-title":"Expression of cross-reactive, shared idiotypes on anti-SEA antibodies from humans and mice with schistosomiasis","volume":"145","author":"Montesano","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.7.3046","article-title":"Type 1 CD8+T cell responses during infection with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"157","author":"Pedras-Vasconcelos","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020903","article-title":"Regulation and function of the interleukin 13 receptor \u00d72 during a T helper cell typer 2-dominant immune response","volume":"197","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305064101","article-title":"IL-13 receptor \u03b1 2 down-modulate granulomatous inflammation and prolongs host survival in schistosomiasis","volume":"101","author":"Mentink-Kane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020329","article-title":"Idiotypes expressed early in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infections predict clinical outcomes of chronic disease","volume":"195","author":"Montesano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26376","article-title":"Studies of murine schistosomiasis reveal interleukin-13 blockade as a treatment for established and progressive liver fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Chiaramonte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1295","article-title":"Periportal fibrosis in human schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with low IL-10, low IFN-gamma, high TNF-alpha, or low RANTES, depending on age and gender","volume":"172","author":"Booth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.929","article-title":"Cytokine Regulation of periportal fibrosis in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni: IFN-\u03b3 is associated with protection against fibrosis and TNF-\u03b1 with aggravation of disease","volume":"169","author":"Henri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000900009","article-title":"Schistosomal hepatopathy","volume":"99","author":"Andrade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01215.x","article-title":"Detailed clinical and ultrasound examination of children and adolescents in a Schistosoma mansoni endemic area in Kenya: hepatosplenic disease in the absence of portal fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Vennervald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200410000-00009","article-title":"Morbidity in schistosomiasis: an update","volume":"17","author":"Vennervald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80606-2","article-title":"The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more","volume":"17","author":"Mosmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.394","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T cells suppress differentiation and functions of Th1 and Th2 Cells, leishmania major infection, and colitis in mice","volume":"170","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(96)80122-1","article-title":"Type 1 and type 2: a fundamental dichotomy for all T-cell subsets","volume":"8","author":"Carter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.1.159","article-title":"Downregulation of Th1 cytokine production accompanies induction of Th2 responses by a parasitic helminth, Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"173","author":"Pearce","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80089-6","article-title":"The development of granulomas in schistosomiasis: genetic backgrounds, regulatory pathways, and specific egg antigen responses that influence the magnitude of disease","volume":"1","author":"Stadecker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64607-X","article-title":"NOS-2 mediates the protective anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of the Th1-inducing adjuvant, Il-12, in a Th2 model of granulomatous disease","volume":"157","author":"Hesse","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.589-592.2001","article-title":"Severe Schistosomiasis in the absence of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is IL-12 independent","volume":"69","author":"Patton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.9","article-title":"Expression of metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2) and their inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in schistosomal portal fibrosis","volume":"61","author":"Gomez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000100018","article-title":"Myofibroblasts in schistosomal portal fibrosis of man","volume":"94","author":"Andrade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822003000200003","article-title":"Esquistossomose na \u00e1rea hiperend\u00eamica de Taquarandi. Infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo Schistosoma mansoni e formas graves","volume":"36","author":"Bina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.273","article-title":"Morbidity in schistosomiasis mansoni in relation to intensity of infection: study of a community in Machakos, Kenya","volume":"25","author":"Arap Siongok","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00175-9","article-title":"Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection","volume":"33","author":"Quinnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1086\/302526","article-title":"Severe hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infection is controlled by a major locus that is closely linked to the interferon-gamma receptor gene","volume":"65","author":"Dessein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1096-181","article-title":"Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33","volume":"14","author":"Marquet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4689-4692.1999","article-title":"Genetic control of Schistosome infections by the SM1 locus of the 5q31-q33 region is linked to differentiation of type 2 helper T lymphocytes","volume":"67","author":"Rodrigues","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1131","article-title":"Association of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with HLA-DQB1*0201","volume":"174","author":"Secor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492205003375?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492205003375?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T01:06:48Z","timestamp":1683335208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492205003375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492205003375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2005.12.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}}}