{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:19:17Z","timestamp":1791386357993,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]],"date-time":"2014-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","bmn.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,2]],"date-time":"2014-01-02T22:00:17Z","timestamp":1388700017000},"page":"65-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: an unresolved mystery"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Debanjan","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitali","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08157.x","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Antinori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04558.x","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis \u2013 an overview","volume":"49","author":"Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0015","series-title":"Kala Azar in South Asia \u2013 Current Status and Challenges Ahead","first-page":"111","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: facing the challenge of eliminating kala-azar from South Asia","author":"Desjeux","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834a8ba1","article-title":"Recent advances in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"24","author":"Mondal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1086\/648727","article-title":"Increasing incidence of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a population-based study in Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001433","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Nepal: a retrospective cohort study (2000-2010)","volume":"5","author":"Uranw","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0467","article-title":"Clinical epidemiologic profile of a cohort of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in Bihar, India","volume":"86","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.393","article-title":"Enhanced lesional Foxp3 expression and peripheral anergic lymphocytes indicate a role for regulatory T cells in Indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"130","author":"Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0050","first-page":"38","article-title":"Impact of amphotericin-B in the treatment of kala-azar on the incidence of PKDL in Bihar, India","volume":"128","author":"Thakur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90219-6","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03584.x","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"34","author":"Ramesh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0065","first-page":"295","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"123","author":"Salotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1994.tb04968.x","article-title":"Treatment of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Ramesh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0075","first-page":"100","article-title":"PKDL \u2013 a drug related phenomenon?","volume":"128","author":"Croft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021556","article-title":"Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"347","author":"Sundar","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.336","article-title":"Development of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in miltefosine-treated visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"80","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1179\/000349809X12554106963438","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) developing after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with amphotericin B and miltefosine","volume":"103","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05966-11","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient treated with injectable paromomycin for visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"50","author":"Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5592","article-title":"IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2-mediated susceptibility in kala-azar and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: the significance of amphotericin B in the control of Leishmania donovani infection in India","volume":"179","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir551","article-title":"Miltefosine effectively modulates the cytokine milieu in Indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01183-07","article-title":"Modulation of gene expression in human macrophages treated with the anti-leishmania pentavalent antimonial drug sodium stibogluconate","volume":"52","author":"El Fadili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.06.013","article-title":"Host peroxisomal properties are not restored to normal after treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with sodium antimony gluconate","volume":"123","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023120","article-title":"Antimonial resistance in Leishmania donovani is associated with increased in vivo parasite burden","volume":"6","author":"Vanaerschot","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.018","article-title":"Upregulation of surface proteins in Leishmania donovani isolated from patients of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Salotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.06.001","article-title":"Involvement of the Leishmania donovani virulence factor A2 in protection against heat and oxidative stress","volume":"132","author":"McCall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122945.111","article-title":"Chromosome and gene copy number variation allow major structural change between species and strains of Leishmania","volume":"21","author":"Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.03.035","article-title":"The pathogenesis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis from the field to the molecule: does ultraviolet light (UVB) radiation play a role?","volume":"66","author":"Ismail","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2001.01047.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet light induced injury: immunological and inflammatory effects","volume":"79","author":"Clydesdale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/187152309787580775","article-title":"UV induced skin immunosuppression","volume":"8","author":"Amerio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anti-Inflamm. Anti-Allergy Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3045","article-title":"Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D?","volume":"11","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90005-R","article-title":"Immunosuppression by ultraviolet B radiation: initiation by urocanic acid","volume":"13","author":"Noonan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.276","article-title":"Urocanic acid in the skin: a mixed blessing?","volume":"131","author":"Gibbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830251022","article-title":"Low-dose UVB radiation perturbs the functional expression of B7.1 and B7.2 co-stimulatory molecules on human Langerhans cells","volume":"25","author":"Weiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0175","first-page":"190","article-title":"Distorted antigen-presenting function of Langerhans cells induced by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 via a mechanism that appears different from that induced by ultraviolet B radiation","volume":"8","author":"Simon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002211","article-title":"The natural history of Sudanese post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: clinical, immunological and prognostic features","volume":"96","author":"Musa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1086\/506624","article-title":"Interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-6, and IFN-\u03b3 receptor 1 are the major immunological determinants associated with post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"194","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2006.00531.x","article-title":"Pathology of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a light microscopical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of skin lesions and draining lymph nodes","volume":"33","author":"Ismail","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073114","article-title":"Vitamin D and its analogs as regulators of immune activation and antigen presentation","volume":"23","author":"Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134645","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/134645","article-title":"The role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor in immunity to Leishmania major infection","volume":"2012","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132532","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective","volume":"27","author":"Martinez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001171","article-title":"Foxp3 and IL-10 expression correlates with parasite burden in lesional tissues of post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients","volume":"5","author":"Katara","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7261com","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor signaling contributes to susceptibility to infection with Leishmania major","volume":"21","author":"Ehrchen","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1086\/382135","article-title":"Persistence of Leishmania parasites in scars after clinical cure of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: is there a sterile cure?","volume":"189","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.1.220-226.1993","article-title":"Persistence of virulent Leishmania major in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: a possible hazard for the host","volume":"61","author":"Aebischer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.824","article-title":"Cutaneous scars in American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients: a site of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis persistence and viability eleven years after antimonial therapy and clinical cure","volume":"58","author":"Schubach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.09.001","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity among visceral and post Kala-Azar dermal leishmaniasis strains from eastern India","volume":"7","author":"Dey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.06.007","article-title":"Insights into CD4+ memory T cells following Leishmania infection","volume":"21","author":"Gollob","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00050-4","article-title":"Global control and Leishmania HIV co-infection","volume":"17","author":"Desjeux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01549-2","article-title":"Organ-specific immune responses associated with infectious disease","volume":"21","author":"Engwerda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199912)189:4<615::AID-PATH466>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Immunopathology of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL): T-cell phenotypes and cytokine profile","volume":"189","author":"Ismail","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01579.x","article-title":"Lesional T-cell subset in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Rathi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8016-2","article-title":"Persistent parasites and immunologic memory in cutaneous leishmaniasis: implications for vaccine designs and vaccination strategies","volume":"41","author":"Okwor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2002.110104.x","article-title":"Intermediate or chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis: leukocyte immunophenotypes and cytokine characterisation of the lesion","volume":"11","author":"Diaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2010.01243.x","article-title":"The expression of TLR9 in human cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with granuloma","volume":"32","author":"Tuon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.16616","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a histopathological study","volume":"71","author":"Rathi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1832","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease: lessons from mouse models of leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Lipoldov\u00e1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/4.3.270","article-title":"Genetics of murine leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Foote","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genomic Proteomic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076678","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to leishmanial infections: studies in mice and man","volume":"112","author":"Blackwell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2518","article-title":"Common variants in the HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1 HLA class II region are associated with susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"Consortium","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363977","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan: linkage and association with IL4 and IFNGR1","volume":"4","author":"Mohamed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364353","article-title":"IFNG and IFNGR1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"8","author":"Salih","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00080","article-title":"T helper1\/T helper2 cells and resistance\/susceptibility to Leishmania infection: is this paradigm still relevant?","volume":"3","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000272457","article-title":"Interleukin 10 gene polymorphisms and development of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a selected Sudanese population","volume":"13","author":"Farouk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00089-3","article-title":"High levels of C-reactive protein in the peripheral blood during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"75","author":"Gasim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138797","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/138797","article-title":"Human L-ficolin (ficolin-2) and its clinical significance","volume":"2012","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34113","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034113","article-title":"Genetic evidence of functional ficolin-2 haplotype as susceptibility factor in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Assaf","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1086\/512683","article-title":"Genotypes of the mannan-binding lectin gene and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis and clinical complications","volume":"195","author":"Alonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00150.x","article-title":"SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and disease resistance","volume":"3","author":"Blackwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201089","article-title":"SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Mohamed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.04.003","article-title":"Genetics and visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan: seeking a link","volume":"20","author":"Blackwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1086\/588387","article-title":"Increased levels of interleukin-10 and IgG3 are hallmarks of Indian post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"197","author":"Ganguly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03761.x","article-title":"Evidence for involvement of TNFR1 and TIMPs in pathogenesis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"154","author":"Ansari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1703","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001703","article-title":"Evidence for involvement of Th17 type responses in post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)","volume":"6","author":"Katara","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492213001980?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492213001980?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T06:47:17Z","timestamp":1597301237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492213001980"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492213001980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: an unresolved mystery","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}