{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:20:07Z","timestamp":1791181207448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","bmn.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,19]],"date-time":"2014-09-19T21:01:24Z","timestamp":1411160484000},"page":"538-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["African trypanosome control in the insect vector and mammalian host"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Alain","family":"Beschin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Pays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.11.18203","article-title":"Vaccination against trypanosomiasis: can it be done or is the trypanosome truly the ultimate immune destroyer and escape artist?","volume":"7","author":"La Greca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"984","author":"WHO","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194176","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/194176","article-title":"Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects","volume":"2013","author":"Desquesnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.05.004","article-title":"The economy of inflammation: when is less more?","volume":"27","author":"Sears","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214935","article-title":"Disease tolerance as a defense strategy","volume":"335","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587200901s01","article-title":"Review of pathology of diseases in domestic and laboratory animals caused by Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense","volume":"9","author":"Losos","year":"1972","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1515","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001515","article-title":"The influence of sex and fly species on the development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies","volume":"6","author":"Peacock","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001501","article-title":"Using molecular data for epidemiological inference: assessing the prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in tsetse in Serengeti, Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Auty","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00084","article-title":"Examining the tsetse teneral phenomenon and permissiveness to trypanosome infection","volume":"3","author":"Haines","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00053","article-title":"Through the dark continent: African trypanosome development in the tsetse fly","volume":"3","author":"Rotureau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004217","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei spp. development in the tsetse fly: characterization of the post-mesocyclic stages in the foregut and proboscis","volume":"118","author":"Van Den Abbeele","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001023","article-title":"Bottlenecks and the maintenance of minor genotypes during the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"6","author":"Oberle","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.02.003","article-title":"Flying tryps: survival and maturation of trypanosomes in tsetse flies","volume":"29","author":"Dyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120075","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.120075","article-title":"Drosophila as a model system to unravel the layers of innate immunity to infection","volume":"2","author":"Kounatidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1249656","article-title":"Genome sequence of the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans): vector of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"344","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000619","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000619","article-title":"Tsetse immune system maturation requires the presence of obligate symbionts in larvae","volume":"9","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103691","article-title":"Obligate symbionts activate immune system development in the tsetse fly","volume":"188","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003318","article-title":"Trypanosome infection establishment in the tsetse fly gut is influenced by microbiome-regulated host immune barriers","volume":"9","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2009.00799.x","article-title":"Nutritional stress affects the tsetse fly's immune gene expression","volume":"23","author":"Akoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.221363798","article-title":"Tsetse immune responses and trypanosome transmission: implications for the development of tsetse-based strategies to reduce trypanosomiasis","volume":"98","author":"Hao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05180.x","article-title":"Innate immune responses regulate trypanosome parasite infection of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901226106","article-title":"Interactions between mutualist Wigglesworthia and tsetse peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-LB) influence trypanosome transmission","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116431109","article-title":"PGRP-LB is a maternally transmitted immune milk protein that influences symbiosis and parasitism in tsetse's offspring","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117311","article-title":"A direct role for dual oxidase in Drosophila gut immunity","volume":"310","author":"Ha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14139","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2036262100","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species on Plasmodium melanotic encapsulation in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"100","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2003.07.001","article-title":"Proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidiae)","volume":"33","author":"Hao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.06.004","article-title":"Differential expression of fat body genes in Glossina morsitans morsitans following infection with Trypanosoma brucei brucei","volume":"38","author":"Lehane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002247","article-title":"Antioxidants promote establishment of trypanosome infections in tsetse","volume":"134","author":"MacLeod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000239","article-title":"Factors affecting trypanosome maturation in tsetse flies","volume":"2","author":"Macleod","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000793","article-title":"Tsetse EP protein protects the fly midgut from trypanosome establishment","volume":"6","author":"Haines","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.1.405","article-title":"Lymphocyte function in experimental African trypanosomiasis. V. Role of antibody and the mononuclear phagocyte system in variant-specific immunity","volume":"130","author":"Dempsey","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390013","article-title":"Experimental African trypanosomiasis: IFN-gamma mediates early mortality","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.06.010","article-title":"Understanding the role of monocytic cells in liver inflammation using parasite infection as a model","volume":"214","author":"Bosschaerts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.02.006","article-title":"Scrutinizing the mechanisms underlying the induction of anemia of inflammation through GPI-mediated modulation of macrophage activation in a model of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"12","author":"Stijlemans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2174\/187153010790827966","article-title":"The central role of macrophages in trypanosomiasis-associated anemia: rationale for therapeutical approaches","volume":"10","author":"Stijlemans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12123","article-title":"Erythrophagocytosis of desialylated red blood cells is responsible for anaemia during Trypanosoma vivax infection","volume":"15","author":"Guegan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.08.011","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of Trypanosoma evansi infections","volume":"93","author":"Habila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2522.1","article-title":"Effect of Trypanosoma brucei brucei on erythropoiesis in infected rats","volume":"97","author":"Nishimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001460","article-title":"Modulation of innate immunity by African trypanosomes","volume":"137","author":"Paulnock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316067","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/316067","article-title":"Trypanosoma congolense infections: induced nitric oxide inhibits parasite growth in vivo","volume":"2011","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq051","article-title":"Intradermal infections of mice by low numbers of African trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance but enhance susceptibility to reinfection","volume":"203","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222753","article-title":"Adenylate cyclases of Trypanosoma brucei inhibit the innate immune response of the host","volume":"337","author":"Salmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059631","article-title":"Molecular regulation of Trypanosoma congolense-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.03.004","article-title":"Life and times: synthesis, trafficking, and evolution of VSG","volume":"30","author":"Manna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002089","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002089","article-title":"T. brucei infection reduces B lymphopoiesis in bone marrow and truncates compensatory splenic lymphopoiesis through transitional B-cell apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Bockstal","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000078","article-title":"Trypanosomiasis-induced B cell apoptosis results in loss of protective anti-parasite antibody responses and abolishment of vaccine-induced memory responses","volume":"4","author":"Radwanska","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12099","article-title":"Chronic Trypanosoma congolense infections in mice cause a sustained disruption of the B-cell homeostasis in the bone marrow and spleen","volume":"36","author":"Obishakin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002090","article-title":"Immunosuppression: cause for failures of vaccines against African trypanosomiases","volume":"7","author":"Tabel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1429","article-title":"IFN-gamma-dependent nitric oxide production is not linked to resistance in experimental African trypanosomiasis","volume":"192","author":"Hertz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1995.tb01016.x","article-title":"Suppressor macrophages in Trypanosoma brucei infection: nitric oxide is related to both suppressive activity and lifespan in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Mabbott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003731","article-title":"A Trypanosoma brucei kinesin heavy chain promotes parasite growth by triggering host arginase activity","volume":"9","author":"De Muylder","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.4908","article-title":"Type I IFNs play a role in early resistance, but subsequent susceptibility, to the African trypanosomes","volume":"181","author":"Lopez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01280.x","article-title":"How the African trypanosomes evade host immune killing","volume":"33","author":"Namangala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4003","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.4003","article-title":"A glycosylphosphatidylinositol-based treatment alleviates trypanosomiasis-associated immunopathology","volume":"179","author":"Stijlemans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041307","article-title":"IL-10 limits production of pathogenic TNF by M1 myeloid cells through induction of nuclear NF-\u03baB p50 member in Trypanosoma congolense infection-resistant C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"41","author":"Bosschaerts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1086\/599792","article-title":"Altered proinflammatory cytokine production and enhanced resistance to Trypanosoma congolense infection in lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice","volume":"200","author":"Okwor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2748","article-title":"African trypanosomiasis: naturally occurring regulatory T cells favor trypanotolerance by limiting pathology associated with sustained type 1 inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Guilliams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.2.451-461.1998","article-title":"Interleukin-4-dependent immunoglobulin G1 isotype switch in the presence of a polarized antigen-specific Th1-cell response to the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein","volume":"66","author":"Schopf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1086\/590439","article-title":"Experimental expansion of the regulatory T cell population increases resistance to African trypanosomiasis","volume":"198","author":"Guilliams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-04-1485","article-title":"Identification of a common gene signature for type II cytokine-associated myeloid cells elicited in vivo in different pathologic conditions","volume":"108","author":"Ghassabeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2419","article-title":"Gene-expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory pathways that underlie the identity and diversity of mouse tissue macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Gautier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242974","article-title":"Beyond stem cells: self-renewal of differentiated macrophages","volume":"342","author":"Sieweke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12034","article-title":"Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease","volume":"496","author":"Wynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001045","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001045","article-title":"Tip-DC development during parasitic infection is regulated by IL-10 and requires CCL2\/CCR2, IFN-gamma and MyD88 signaling","volume":"6","author":"Bosschaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.1107","article-title":"IL-10 dampens TNF\/inducible nitric oxide synthase-producing dendritic cell-mediated pathogenicity during parasitic infection","volume":"182","author":"Guilliams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000926","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei modifies the tsetse salivary composition, altering the fly feeding behavior that favors parasite transmission","volume":"6","author":"Van Den Abbeele","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01046-06","article-title":"Tsetse fly saliva accelerates the onset of Trypanosoma brucei infection in a mouse model associated with a reduced host inflammatory response","volume":"74","author":"Caljon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.05.002","article-title":"Tsetse fly saliva biases the immune response to Th2 and induces anti-vector antibodies that are a useful tool for exposure assessment","volume":"36","author":"Caljon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00072","article-title":"Impact of Leishmania metalloprotease GP63 on macrophage signaling","volume":"2","author":"Isnard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10844","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10844","article-title":"Simultaneous but independent activation of adenylate cyclase and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C under stress conditions in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"271","author":"Rolin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001618","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics reveals a lack of synergy between nifurtimox and eflornithine against Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"6","author":"Vincent","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2162-2171.2001","article-title":"DNA from protozoan parasites Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei is mitogenic for B lymphocytes and stimulates macrophage expression of interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide","volume":"69","author":"Shoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.787","article-title":"B cells capturing antigen conjugated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce Th1 cells by elaborating IL-12","volume":"169","author":"Shirota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01649-06","article-title":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotide treatment enhances innate resistance and acquired immunity to African trypanosomes","volume":"75","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1086\/503808","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and nitric oxide in combination with antibodies are key protective host immune factors during Trypanosoma congolense Tc13 infections","volume":"193","author":"Magez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9304","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013486108","article-title":"Genetic and expression analysis of cattle identifies candidate genes in pathways responding to Trypanosoma congolense infection","volume":"108","author":"Noyes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003566","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003566","article-title":"Determinants of GPI-PLC localisation to the flagellum and access to GPI-anchored substrates in trypanosomes","volume":"9","author":"Sunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.3.1466","article-title":"Glycosylinositolphosphate soluble variant surface glycoprotein inhibits IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide production via reduction in STAT1 phosphorylation in African trypanosomiasis","volume":"171","author":"Coller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.548","article-title":"The soluble variant surface glycoprotein of African trypanosomes is recognized by a macrophage scavenger receptor and induces I kappa B alpha degradation independently of TRAF6-mediated TLR signaling","volume":"179","author":"Leppert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1086\/648374","article-title":"Identification of a parasitic immunomodulatory protein triggering the development of suppressive M1 macrophages during African trypanosomiasis","volume":"200","author":"G\u00f3mez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248914","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248914","article-title":"Prevalence and types of coinfections in sleeping sickness patients in Kenya (2000\/2009)","volume":"2011","author":"Kagira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802005","article-title":"Processing and presentation of variant surface glycoprotein molecules to T cells in African trypanosomiasis","volume":"183","author":"Dagenais","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3671","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.02.004","article-title":"Understanding bovine trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance: the promise of functional genomics","volume":"105","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-207","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense highlights gene expression signatures underlying trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Gorman","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01028-13","article-title":"Low-dose intradermal infection with Trypanosoma congolense leads to expansion of regulatory T cells and enhanced susceptibility to reinfection","volume":"82","author":"Onyilagha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3683","article-title":"The origins and functions of dendritic cells and macrophages in the skin","volume":"14","author":"Malissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0211105","article-title":"Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva drives apoptosis and enhances parasite burden in neutrophils","volume":"90","author":"Prates","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000484","article-title":"Vector transmission of Leishmania abrogates vaccine-induced protective immunity","volume":"5","author":"Peters","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir734","article-title":"Distinct Toll-like receptor signals regulate cerebral parasite load and interferon \u03b1\/\u03b2 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1-dependent T-cell infiltration in the brains of Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice","volume":"205","author":"Amin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2923","article-title":"Heterogeneity of CNS myeloid cells and their roles in neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Prinz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4106","article-title":"Harnessing monocyte-derived macrophages to control central nervous system pathologies: no longer \u2018if\u2019 but \u2018how\u2019","volume":"229","author":"Shechter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156296","article-title":"A haptoglobin\u2013hemoglobin receptor conveys innate immunity to Trypanosoma brucei in humans","volume":"320","author":"Vanhollebeke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.3.1023","article-title":"The main lytic factor of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in normal human serum is not high density lipoprotein","volume":"183","author":"Raper","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01461","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L-I is the trypanosome lytic factor of human serum","volume":"422","author":"Vanhamme","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32578","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503510200","article-title":"Human high density lipoproteins are platforms for the assembly of multi-component innate immune complexes","volume":"280","author":"Shiflett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609902104","article-title":"Distinct roles of haptoglobin-related protein and apolipoprotein L-I in trypanolysis by human serum","volume":"104","author":"Vanhollebeke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071463","article-title":"Distinct roles of apolipoprotein components within the trypanosome lytic factor complex revealed in a novel transgenic mouse model","volume":"205","author":"Molina-Portela","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1428","article-title":"The trypanolytic factor of human serum","volume":"4","author":"Pays","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114566","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L-I promotes trypanosome lysis by forming pores in lysosomal membranes","volume":"309","author":"P\u00e9rez-Morga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81706-7","article-title":"A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense","volume":"95","author":"Xong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12516","article-title":"Mechanism of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense resistance to human serum","volume":"501","author":"Uzureau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007074107","article-title":"Mechanism of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (group 1) resistance to human trypanosome lytic factor","volume":"107","author":"Kieft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0520","series-title":"Faculty of Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Immunology","first-page":"117","article-title":"IL-10 and regulatory T cells limit the pathogenicity of African trypanosome infection","author":"Guilliams","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.02.012","article-title":"Bovine trypanotolerance: a natural ability to prevent severe anaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome?","volume":"36","author":"Naessens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.12.004","article-title":"Trypanotolerance in small ruminants of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"25","author":"Geerts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01287.x","article-title":"Human host determinants influencing the outcome of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections","volume":"33","author":"Bucheton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492214001445?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492214001445?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T17:40:19Z","timestamp":1689529219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492214001445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492214001445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"African trypanosome control in the insect vector and mammalian host","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2014.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}