{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:13:16Z","timestamp":1793661196662,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]],"date-time":"2018-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009250","name":"New Partnership for Africa's Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GTFS\/RAF\/474\/ITA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GTFS\/RAF\/474\/ITA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009250","name":"New Partnership for Africa's Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCP\/RAF\/502\/ITA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCP\/RAF\/502\/ITA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1053230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1053230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1150674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1150674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["099310\/Z\/12\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["099310\/Z\/12\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1156227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1156227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T11:39:26Z","timestamp":1516707566000},"page":"197-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Mathieu","family":"Bart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bucheton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakul","family":"Chitnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Courtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Ramon","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Gr\u00e9baut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Epco","family":"Hasker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidou","family":"Ilboudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Jamonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathurin","family":"Koffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Lejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Masumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enock","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Noyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Picado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kat S.","family":"Rock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Rotureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustave","family":"Simo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Th\u00e9venon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Truc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Van Reet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"390","author":"B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"984","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","journal-title":"WHO Tech. Rep. Series"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003480","article-title":"Accuracy of individual rapid tests for serodiagnosis of gambiense sleeping sickness in West Africa","volume":"9","author":"Jamonneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0020","article-title":"Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial","author":"Mesu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1131-8","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the strategy to eliminate human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"8","author":"Rock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01240.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment from sleeping sickness control in the Democratic republic of Congo","volume":"9","author":"Robays","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002954","article-title":"Performance of parasitological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis and surveillance of gambiense sleeping sickness","volume":"8","author":"Mumba Ngoyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.03.002","article-title":"Assembling evidence for identifying reservoirs of infection","volume":"29","author":"Viana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001691","article-title":"Untreated infections by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense are not 100% fatal","volume":"6","author":"Jamonneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0050","first-page":"797","article-title":"Nouvelles pr\u00e9cision sur le Trypanosome sp souche FEO","volume":"5","author":"Fromentin","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003349","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis presenting at least 29 years after infection-What can this teach us about the pathogenesis and control of this neglected tropical disease?","volume":"8","author":"Sudarshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15345-7","article-title":"Possible cases of sexual and congenital transmission of sleeping sickness","volume":"363","author":"Rocha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.11.008","article-title":"Beyond tsetse \u2013 Implications for research and control of human African trypanosomiasis epidemics","volume":"32","author":"Welburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.05.007","article-title":"Diversity of response to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections in the Forecariah mangrove focus (Guinea): perspectives for a better control of sleeping sickness","volume":"13","author":"Ilboudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0075","series-title":"Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness","first-page":"157","article-title":"Pathology of African trypanosomiasis","author":"Kristensson","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70230-5","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Blum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690220084016","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"131","author":"Mcgovern","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.002","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei parasites occupy and functionally adapt to the adipose tissue in mice","volume":"19","author":"Trindade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000509","article-title":"Murine models for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense disease progression-from silent to chronic infections and early brain tropism","volume":"3","author":"Giroud","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000486","article-title":"Bioluminescent imaging of Trypanosoma brucei shows preferential testis dissemination which may hamper drug efficacy in sleeping sickness patients","volume":"3","author":"Claes","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004350","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections in mice lead to tropism to the reproductive organs, and horizontal and vertical transmission","volume":"10","author":"Biteau","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0110","article-title":"The skin is a significant but overlooked anatomical reservoir for vector-borne African trypanosomes","volume":"10","author":"Capewell","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLIFE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005744","article-title":"The dermis as a delivery site of Trypanosoma brucei for tsetse flies","volume":"12","author":"Caljon","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.04.011","article-title":"Population genetic structure of Guinea Trypanosoma brucei gambiense isolates according to host factors","volume":"11","author":"Kabore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.04.001","article-title":"Association between human African trypanosomiasis and the IL6 gene in a Congolese population","volume":"7","author":"Courtin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.03.002","article-title":"Interest of tumor necrosis factor-alpha -308G\/A and interleukin-10 -592C\/A polymorphisms in human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"Courtin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02198-15","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L1 variant associated with increased susceptibility to trypanosome Infection","volume":"7","author":"Cuypers","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.004","article-title":"HLA-G 3\u2032 UTR-2 haplotype is associated with human African trypanosomiasis susceptibility","volume":"17","author":"Courtin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1352-x","article-title":"Haptoglobin (HP) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR) copy number variation, natural selection, and trypanosomiasis","volume":"133","author":"Hardwick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25461","article-title":"APOL1 renal risk variants have contrasting resistance and susceptibility associations weith African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLIFE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2016.03.002","article-title":"Trypanosome-induced Interferon-gamma production in whole blood stimulation assays is associated with latent Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infections","volume":"18","author":"Ilboudo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004469","article-title":"Unravelling human trypanotolerance: IL8 is associated with infection control whereas IL10 and TNFalpha are associated with subsequent disease development","volume":"10","author":"Ilboudo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw505","article-title":"Human Leukocyte Antigen-G: a promising prognostic marker of disease progression to improve the control of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"63","author":"Gineau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-39","article-title":"Assembling a geospatial database of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomosis for Africa","volume":"7","author":"Cecchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0898-y","article-title":"Developing a continental atlas of the distribution and trypanosomal infection of tsetse flies (Glossina species)","volume":"8","author":"Cecchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1971.11686763","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Trypanosoma gambiense in domestic animals","volume":"65","author":"Yesufu","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0185","first-page":"605","article-title":"Animal reservoirs and Gambian trypanosomiasis","volume":"53","author":"Molyneux","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0190","first-page":"155","article-title":"R\u00e9servoir animal de Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei gambiense en Afrique Centrale","volume":"69","author":"Kageruka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. M\u00e9d. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0195","first-page":"72","article-title":"Sur le r\u00f4le du porc comme r\u00e9servoir de Trypanosoma gambiense","volume":"126","author":"Van Hoof","year":"1937","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0200","first-page":"148","article-title":"A propos de la trypanose des porcs dans la vall\u00e9e de l'Inkisi","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Greggio","year":"1917","journal-title":"Bull. Agr. Congo Belge"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005876","article-title":"Mixed infections of trypanosomes in tsetse and pigs and their epidemiological significance in a sleeping sickness focus of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"129","author":"Jamonneau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.04.003","article-title":"Wild fauna as a probable animal reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Njiokou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00765","article-title":"Molecular evidence of a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sylvatic cycle in the human african trypanosomiasis foci of Equatorial Guinea","volume":"6","author":"Cordon-Obras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90217-6","article-title":"The behaviour in the blood incubation infectivity test of four Trypanozoon strains isolated from pigs in Liberia","volume":"71","author":"Mehlitz","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005993","article-title":"The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"11","author":"N\u2019Djetchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-57","article-title":"The atlas of human African trypanosomiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"9","author":"Simarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0235","first-page":"203","article-title":"Recherche sur le comportement de Trypanosoma gambiense chez le porc","volume":"20","author":"Van Hoof","year":"1940","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0240","first-page":"728","article-title":"Observations on trypanosomiasis in the Belgian Congo","volume":"40","author":"Van Hoof","year":"1947","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1938.11685031","article-title":"A third note on a strain of Trypanosoma gambiense transmitted by Glossina morsitans","volume":"32","author":"Corson","year":"1938","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0250","first-page":"156","article-title":"Antelope and their relation to trypanosomiasis","volume":"85","author":"Duke","year":"1913","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011184295","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts","volume":"18","author":"Wombou Toukam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.289","article-title":"Novel primer sequences for a polymerase chain reaction-based detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"67","author":"Radwanska","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.03.005","article-title":"Conserved sequence of the TgsGP gene in Group 1 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"10","author":"Gibson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0270","first-page":"335","article-title":"The identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Liberian pigs and dogs by isoenzymes and by resistance to human plasma","volume":"29","author":"Gibson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90060-W","article-title":"Multilocus isozyme identification of Trypanosoma brucei stocks isolated in Central Africa: evidence for an animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Congo","volume":"49","author":"Truc","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0280","first-page":"105","article-title":"Identity of Trypanozoon stocks isolated from man and a domestic dog in Liberia","volume":"35","author":"Zillmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(76)90063-8","article-title":"Observations on the subspecific identification of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei isolates from non-human hosts by the blood incubation infectivity test (BIIT)","volume":"70","author":"Rickman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.09.005","article-title":"Tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon: epidemiological implications","volume":"8","author":"Simo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.005","article-title":"Developing a progressive control pathway for African animal trypanosomosis","volume":"33","author":"Diall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0300","series-title":"Recommendations of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication","first-page":"1","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/529010a","article-title":"Dogs thwart effort to eradicate Guinea worm","volume":"529","author":"Callaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30140-2","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005585","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2014","volume":"11","author":"Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1235-1","article-title":"Quantitative analyses and modelling to support achievement of the 2020 goals for nine neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2014.12.003","article-title":"Mathematical models of human african trypanosomiasis epidemiology","volume":"87","author":"Rock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0330","first-page":"201","article-title":"Isolation of human serum resistant Trypanozoon from cattle in Nigeria","volume":"34","author":"Joshua","year":"1983","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1121-x","article-title":"Evaluating long-term effectiveness of sleeping sickness control measures in Guinea","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005792","article-title":"Adding tsetse control to medical activities contributes to decreasing transmission of sleeping sickness in the Mandoul focus (Chad)","volume":"11","author":"Mahamat","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004514","article-title":"Implications of heterogeneous biting exposure and animal hosts on Trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense transmission and control","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2017.01.006","article-title":"Data-driven models to predict the elimination of sleeping sickness in former Equateur province of DRC","volume":"18","author":"Rock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30237-6","article-title":"Seeing beyond 2020: an economic evaluation of contemporary and emerging strategies for elimination of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"5","author":"Sutherland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005162","article-title":"Predicting the impact of intervention strategies for sleeping sickness in two high-endemicity health zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"11","author":"Rock","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0365","first-page":"1337","article-title":"A comparison of the animal reactions of the trypanosomes of Uganda and Congo Free State sleeping sickness with those of Trypanosoma gambiense (Dutton)","author":"Thomas","year":"1904","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0370","first-page":"407","article-title":"Cyclical development of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from cattle and goats in Glossina","volume":"43","author":"Moloo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0375","first-page":"938","article-title":"Infections des poules dues aux Trypanosoma gambiense et Tryp rhodesiense","volume":"72","author":"Mesnil","year":"1912","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0380","unstructured":"Watson, H.J.C. (1962). The domestic pig as a reservoir of T. gambiense In 9th Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Conakry, Guinea (Commission de Coop\u00e9ration Technique en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, ed), p. 327"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0385","series-title":"Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness","first-page":"289","article-title":"Experimental models for new chemotherapeutic approaches to human African trypanosomiasis","author":"Bouteille","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(67)90035-1","article-title":"Cyclically transmitted infections of Trypanosoma brucei, T: rhodesiense and T. gambiense in chimpanzees","volume":"61","author":"Godfrey","year":"1967","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0395","first-page":"283","article-title":"Fluorescent antibody test as applied to cerebrospinal fluid in human sleeping sickness","volume":"57","author":"Lucasse","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0400","first-page":"119","article-title":"Etude du comportement de Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sur petits rongeurs et l\u00e9muriens du Congo","volume":"12","author":"Fr\u00e9zil","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cah. ORSTOM S\u00e9r. Entomol. M\u00e9d. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008_bib0405","first-page":"1349","article-title":"R\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 de Cricetomys gambianus au Trypanosoma gambiense","volume":"151","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"1957","journal-title":"C. R. Soc. Biol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492217302829?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492217302829?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T07:32:35Z","timestamp":1761463955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492217302829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492217302829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}