{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:16:18Z","timestamp":1790813778269,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP10867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP10867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1054324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1054324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1040992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1040992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP39284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP39284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1087064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1087064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1045261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1045261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1119043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1119043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHIT-RFP-2013-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHIT-RFP-2013-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005595","name":"University of California","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000836","name":"University of Liverpool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013996","name":"Global Health Innovative Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012015","name":"Kwame Nkrumah University  of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R025401\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R025401\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T07:36:12Z","timestamp":1625297772000},"page":"1068-1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Anti-Wolbachia drugs for filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5861-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0030-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. David","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2185-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0005","series-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals \u2013 A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa096","article-title":"Two decades of public health achievements in lymphatic filariasis (2000\u20132020): reflections, progress and future challenges","volume":"13","author":"Malecela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E68","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1050","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a single dose of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole for treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Cote d'Ivoire: an open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Bjerum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706854","article-title":"A trial of a triple-drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"379","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1914262","article-title":"Single-dose triple-drug therapy for Wuchereria bancrofti-5-Year follow-up","volume":"382","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ882","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of coadministered diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis","volume":"62","author":"Thomsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa046","article-title":"A triple-drug treatment regimen to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis: From conception to delivery","volume":"13","author":"Weil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0040","series-title":"Alternative Mass Drug Administration Regimens to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90214-9","article-title":"Visual loss during oral diethylcarbamazine treatment for onchocerciasis","volume":"2","author":"Bird","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.64.3.191","article-title":"Changes in visual function and in the posterior segment of the eye during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine citrate","volume":"64","author":"Bird","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.2.78","article-title":"Ocular findings in a double-blind study of ivermectin versus diethylcarbamazine versus placebo in the treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"71","author":"Dadzie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235001697","article-title":"The co-administration of ivermectin and albendazole safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"97","author":"Awadzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz889","article-title":"Comparison of repeated doses of ivermectin versus ivermectin plus albendazole for the treatment of onchocerciasis: a randomized, open-label, clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Batsa Debrah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S4","article-title":"Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon","volume":"2","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i40","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx054","article-title":"Alternative treatment strategies to accelerate the elimination of onchocerciasis","volume":"10","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005816","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of ivermectin response by Onchocerca volvulus reveals that genetic drift and soft selective sweeps contribute to loss of drug sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000998","article-title":"Phenotypic evidence of emerging ivermectin resistance in Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"5","author":"Osei-Atweneboana","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.06.002","article-title":"Perspectives on the utility of moxidectin for the control of parasitic nematodes in the face of developing anthelmintic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Prichard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109057","article-title":"Novel anti-Wolbachia drugs, a new approach in the treatment and prevention of veterinary filariasis?","volume":"279","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-010-0067-1","article-title":"The Wolbachia endosymbiont as an anti-filarial nematode target","volume":"51","author":"Slatko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-10","article-title":"Onchocerciasis: the role of Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in parasite biology, disease pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Tamarozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0062-1","article-title":"Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"197","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1217-8","article-title":"Efficacy of 5-week doxycycline treatment on adult Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"104","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66591-9","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"365","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000660","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline only treatment of Onchocerca volvulus in an area of Loa loa co-endemicity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-9","article-title":"Evidence against Wolbachia symbiosis in Loa loa","volume":"2","author":"McGarry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-53","article-title":"Long term impact of large scale community-directed delivery of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"5","author":"Tamarozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-39","article-title":"Community-directed delivery of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis in areas of co-endemicity with loiasis in Cameroon","volume":"2","author":"Wanji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003248","article-title":"Why onchocerciasis transmission persists after 15 annual ivermectin mass drug administrations in South-West Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Forrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3826-8","article-title":"Implementation of test-and-treat with doxycycline and temephos ground larviciding as alternative strategies for accelerating onchocerciasis elimination in an area of loiasis co-endemicity: the COUNTDOWN consortium multi-disciplinary study protocol","volume":"12","author":"Wanji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0155","first-page":"413","article-title":"Progress in eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: doxycycline treatment as an end-game strategy","volume":"94","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weekly Epidem. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.5.1665-1671.2003","article-title":"Wolbachia pipientis growth kinetics and susceptibilities to 13 antibiotics determined by immunofluorescence staining and real-time PCR","volume":"47","author":"Fenollar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.2.1240","article-title":"Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria of Brugia malayi mediate macrophage tolerance to TLR- and CD40-specific stimuli in a MyD88\/TLR2-dependent manner","volume":"177","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.09.001","article-title":"Repurposing of approved drugs from the human pharmacopoeia to target Wolbachia endosymbionts of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"4","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau2086","article-title":"Preclinical development of an oral anti-Wolbachia macrolide drug for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007159","article-title":"Discovery of ABBV-4083, a novel analog of Tylosin A that has potent anti-Wolbachia and anti-filarial activity","volume":"13","author":"von Geldern","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1551","article-title":"Identification and prioritization of novel anti-Wolbachia chemotypes from screening a 10,000-compound diversity library","volume":"3","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816585116","article-title":"AWZ1066S, a highly specific anti-Wolbachia drug candidate for a short-course treatment of filariasis","volume":"116","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057114551518","article-title":"Development and validation of a high-throughput anti-Wolbachia whole-cell screen: a route to macrofilaricidal drugs against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"20","author":"Clare","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01854","article-title":"Boron-pleuromutilins as anti-Wolbachia agents with potential for treatment of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"62","author":"Jacobs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/2472555219838341","article-title":"Development of a high-throughput cytometric screen to identify anti- Wolbachia compounds: the power of Public-Private Partnership","volume":"24","author":"Clare","year":"2019","journal-title":"SLAS Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22364","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M901528200","article-title":"Wolbachia lipoprotein stimulates innate and adaptive immunity through Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to induce disease manifestations of filariasis","volume":"284","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07826-2","article-title":"Industrial scale high-throughput screening delivers multiple fast acting macrofilaricides","volume":"10","author":"Clare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-5-4","article-title":"Onchocerca parasites and Wolbachia endosymbionts: evaluation of a spectrum of antibiotic types for activity against Onchocerca gutturosa in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Townson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Filaria J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-99","article-title":"Lipoprotein biosynthesis as a target for anti-Wolbachia treatment of filarial nematodes","volume":"3","author":"Johnston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057113511270","article-title":"Overcoming the challenges of drug discovery for neglected tropical diseases: the A\u00b7WOL experience","volume":"19","author":"Johnston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2307\/3277515","article-title":"Development of subperiodic Brugia malayi in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus, with notes on infections in other rodents","volume":"56","author":"Ash","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.2307\/3277514","article-title":"Development of Brugia pahangi in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus, with notes on infections in other rodents","volume":"56","author":"Ash","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2307\/3278767","article-title":"Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with Brugia pahangi by the intraperitoneal route: a rich source of developing larvae, adult filariae, and microfilariae","volume":"59","author":"McCall","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1126\/science.103.2669.224","article-title":"The transmissions of Litomosoides carinii, filariid parasite of the cotton rat, by the tropical rat mite, Liponyssus bacoti","volume":"103","author":"Williams","year":"1946","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1992675144","article-title":"Maturation of the filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis in BALB\/c mice; comparative susceptibility of nine other inbred strains","volume":"67","author":"Petit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0260","article-title":"Diminutive, degraded but dissimilar: Wolbachia genomes from filarial nematodes do not conform to a single paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Lefoulon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003224","article-title":"Iron necessity: the secret of Wolbachia's success?","volume":"8","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901244","article-title":"Eosinophil-mediated immune control of adult filarial nematode infection can proceed in the absence of IL-4 receptor signaling","volume":"205","author":"Pionnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006949","article-title":"Interleukin-4 activated macrophages mediate immunity to filarial helminth infection by sustaining CCR3-dependent eosinophilia","volume":"14","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0472-z","article-title":"A murine macrofilaricide pre-clinical screening model for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00322-5","article-title":"Short-course, high-dose rifampicin achieves Wolbachia depletion predictive of curative outcomes in preclinical models of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"7","author":"Aljayyoussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19723-1","article-title":"Author correction: Short-course, high-dose rifampicin achieves Wolbachia depletion predictive of curative outcomes in preclinical models of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"8","author":"Aljayyoussi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006356","article-title":"Short-course, oral flubendazole does not mediate significant efficacy against Onchocerca adult male worms or Brugia microfilariae in murine infection models","volume":"13","author":"Sjoberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2846-2851.1997","article-title":"Protective responses against skin-dwelling microfilariae of Onchocerca lienalis in severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"65","author":"Folkard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09442-0","article-title":"Mouse models of Loa loa","volume":"10","author":"Pionnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46934","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46934","article-title":"Corrigendum: Minocycline as a re-purposed anti-Wolbachia macrofilaricide: superiority compared with doxycycline regimens in a murine infection model of human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23458","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23458","article-title":"Minocycline as a re-purposed anti-Wolbachia macrofilaricide: superiority compared with doxycycline regimens in a murine infection model of human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006116","article-title":"Combinations of registered drugs reduce treatment times required to deplete Wolbachia in the Litomosoides sigmodontis mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Specht","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9712","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710845114","article-title":"Albendazole and antibiotics synergize to deliver short-course anti-Wolbachia curative treatments in preclinical models of filariasis","volume":"114","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005156","article-title":"Comparison of doxycycline, minocycline, doxycycline plus albendazole and albendazole alone in their efficacy against onchocerciasis in a randomized, open-label, pilot trial","volume":"11","author":"Klarmann-Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.05.020","article-title":"16-membered macrolide antibiotics: a review","volume":"51","author":"Arsic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007636","article-title":"In vivo kinetics of Wolbachia depletion by ABBV-4083 in L. sigmodontis adult worms and microfilariae","volume":"13","author":"Hubner","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3523","article-title":"Discovery of short-course antiwolbachial quinazolines for elimination of filarial worm infections","volume":"11","author":"Bakowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007957","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of the boron-pleuromutilin AN11251 against Wolbachia of the rodent filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis","volume":"14","author":"Ehrens","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.12.001","article-title":"Short-course quinazoline drug treatments are effective in the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia pahangi jird models","volume":"12","author":"Hubner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01949.x","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal effect of 4 weeks of treatment with doxycycline on Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"12","author":"Debrah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492221001434?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492221001434?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T19:53:16Z","timestamp":1778615596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492221001434"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492221001434"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anti-Wolbachia drugs for filariasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}