{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T15:10:44Z","timestamp":1761491444461,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T08:29:28Z","timestamp":1659515368000},"page":"904-918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A vaccine for human babesiosis: prospects and feasibility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3469-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan","family":"Al-Nazal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne M.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjai","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3908-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle I.","family":"Stanisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.697669","article-title":"Babesia microti: pathogen genomics, genetic variability, immunodominant antigens, and pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Puri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2016.04.002","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted Babesia microti","volume":"30","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/IPC.0b013e31825b20c1","article-title":"Vertical transmission of babesiosis from a pregnant, splenectomized mother to her neonate","volume":"20","author":"Cornett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix074","article-title":"Congenital babesiosis after maternal infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti","volume":"7","author":"Saetre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2211.151028","article-title":"Transmission of Babesia microti parasites by solid organ transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Brennan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111447","article-title":"The global emergence of human babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.11.007","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"49","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0040","first-page":"11","article-title":"Piroplasmosis in man; report of a case","volume":"9","author":"Skrabalo","year":"1957","journal-title":"Doc. Med. Geogr. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Babesiosis surveillance \u2013 United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"68","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.01.007","article-title":"Babesia life cycle \u2013 when phylogeny meets biology","volume":"35","author":"Jalovecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00248","article-title":"The complexity of piroplasms life cycles","volume":"8","author":"Jalovecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05122-5","article-title":"Vector microbiota manipulation by host antibodies: the forgotten strategy to develop transmission-blocking vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Maitre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3468-x","article-title":"Counterattacking the tick bite: towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission","volume":"12","author":"Rego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02055-19","article-title":"Polymicrobial nature of tick-borne diseases","volume":"10","author":"Sanchez-Vicente","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10931.x","article-title":"Immunity following use of Australian tick fever vaccine","volume":"79","author":"Bock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111403","article-title":"Experimental infection of ticks: an essential tool for the analysis of Babesia species biology and transmission","volume":"10","author":"Bonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.809052","article-title":"Host immune responses to salivary components \u2013 a critical facet of tick\u2013host interactions","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010123","article-title":"Harnessing Mycobacterium bovis BCG trained immunity to control human and bovine babesiosis","volume":"10","author":"Bastos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/259309a0","article-title":"Protection of mice against Babesia and Plasmodium with BCG","volume":"259","author":"Clark","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.06.002","article-title":"Babesiosis vaccines: lessons learned, challenges ahead, and future glimpses","volume":"35","author":"Rathinasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30947-0","article-title":"Failure of a recombinant Babesia bovis antigen to protect cattle against heterologous strain challenge","volume":"45","author":"Timms","year":"1988","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.1.349-352.1995","article-title":"Immunization of cattle with recombinant Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen-1","volume":"63","author":"Hines","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00141-0","article-title":"Vaccination against Babesia bovis: T cells from protected and unprotected animals show different cytokine profiles","volume":"27","author":"East","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5021","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.9.5021-5032.2003","volume":"71","author":"Norimine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00795.x","article-title":"Potential for recombinant Babesia bovis antigens to protect against a highly virulent isolate","volume":"27","author":"Hope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01117.x","article-title":"Immunization of Bos taurus steers with Babesia bovis recombinant antigens MSA-1, MSA-2c and 12D3","volume":"57","author":"Antonio Alvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.10.001","article-title":"Escaping the immune system: how the malaria parasite makes vaccine development a challenge","volume":"29","author":"Stanisic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-181","article-title":"Loss of neurovirulence is associated with reduction of cerebral capillary sequestration during acute Babesia bovis infection","volume":"6","author":"Sondgeroth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9102","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks700","article-title":"Sequencing of the smallest Apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen Babesia microti","volume":"40","author":"Cornillot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072657","article-title":"Whole genome mapping and re-organization of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Babesia microti isolates","volume":"8","author":"Cornillot","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35284","article-title":"Genome-wide diversity and gene expression profiling of Babesia microti isolates identify polymorphic genes that mediate host-pathogen interactions","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16079","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.79","article-title":"A global map of genetic diversity in Babesia microti reveals strong population structure and identifies variants associated with clinical relapse","volume":"1","author":"Lemieux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66273-6","article-title":"Antigen discovery, bioinformatics and biological characterization of novel immunodominant Babesia microti antigens","volume":"10","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00168-15","article-title":"Expression, purification, and biological characterization of Babesia microti apical membrane antigen 1","volume":"83","author":"Moitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00107-16","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the rhoptry neck protein 2 in Babesia divergens and B. microti","volume":"84","author":"Ord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409928111","article-title":"Immunization with a functional protein complex required for erythrocyte invasion protects against lethal malaria","volume":"111","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.11.001","article-title":"Expression of truncated Babesia microti apical membrane protein 1 and rhoptry neck protein 2 and evaluation of their protective efficacy","volume":"172","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0042","article-title":"Evaluation of the protective effect of a prime-boost strategy with plasmid DNA followed by recombinant adenovirus expressing BmAMA1 as vaccines against Babesia microti infection in hamster","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.616343","article-title":"Molecular characterization and immunological evaluation of truncated Babesia microti rhoptry neck protein 2 as a vaccine candidate","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02545","article-title":"Evaluation of a major surface antigen of Babesia microti merozoites as a vaccine candidate against Babesia infection","volume":"8","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03046","article-title":"Surface antigen 1 is a crucial secreted protein that mediates Babesia microti invasion into host cells","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.10.003","article-title":"A library of recombinant Babesia microti cell surface and secreted proteins for diagnostics discovery and reverse vaccinology","volume":"49","author":"Elton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.07.004","article-title":"Immunomics analysis of Babesia microti protein markers by high-throughput screening assay","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01437","article-title":"Babesia microti protein BmSP44 is a novel protective antigen in a mouse model of babesiosis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5172-5","article-title":"Recombinant methionine aminopeptidase protein of Babesia microti: immunobiochemical characterization as a vaccine candidate against human babesiosis","volume":"115","author":"Munkhjargal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01109.x","article-title":"Molecular and immunological characterization of Babesia gibsoni and Babesia microti heat shock protein-70","volume":"31","author":"Terkawi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.03.024","article-title":"Identification and characterization of profilin antigen among Babesia species as a common vaccine candidate against babesiosis","volume":"166","author":"Munkhjargal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101446","article-title":"Inclusion of PD-L1 into a recombinant profilin antigen enhances immunity against Babesia microti in a murine model","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2951-0","article-title":"Screening for biomarkers reflecting the progression of Babesia microti infection","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.08.004","article-title":"Analysis of the Babesia microti proteome in infected red blood cells by a combination of nanotechnology and mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Magni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00364","article-title":"An overview of current knowledge on in vitro Babesia cultivation for production of live attenuated vaccines for bovine babesiosis in Mexico","volume":"7","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00034-9","article-title":"Development of effective living vaccines against bovine babesiosis \u2013 the longest field trial?","volume":"27","author":"Callow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.042","article-title":"Live vaccines against bovine babesiosis","volume":"138","author":"de Waal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66634","article-title":"Cross-species malaria immunity induced by chemically attenuated parasites","author":"Good","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1173-9","article-title":"Vaccination with chemically attenuated Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage parasites induces parasite-specific cellular immune responses in malaria-naive volunteers: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Stanisic","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.008","article-title":"Pre-clinical evaluation of a whole-parasite vaccine to control human babesiosis","volume":"29","author":"Al-Nazal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(67)90030-6","article-title":"Bovine babesiosis: the immunization of cattle with killed Babesia argentina","volume":"20","author":"Mahoney","year":"1967","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00135","article-title":"Induction of Plasmodium-specific immune responses using liposome-based vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Ssemaganda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.08.020","article-title":"A semi-synthetic whole parasite vaccine designed to protect against blood stage malaria","volume":"44","author":"Giddam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02657-21","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a cryopreserved whole-parasite vaccine in a rodent model of blood-stage malaria","volume":"12","author":"Stanisic","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00485-X","article-title":"Vaccination of dogs against heterologous Babesia canis infection using antigens from culture supernatants","volume":"100","author":"Schetters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00044-7","article-title":"Vaccination of dogs against Babesia canis infection","volume":"73","author":"Schetters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0315","first-page":"61","article-title":"Immune responses to South African Babesia canis and the development of a preliminary vaccine","volume":"66","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v80i2.174","article-title":"Comparison of Babesia rossi and Babesia canis isolates with emphasis on effects of vaccination with soluble parasite antigens: a review","volume":"80","author":"Schetters","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7209532","article-title":"Bovine babesiosis: protection of cattle with culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis antigen","volume":"212","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1983.tb05874.x","article-title":"Babesia bovis: comparison of culture-derived parasites, non-living antigen and conventional vaccine in the protection of cattle against heterologous challenge","volume":"60","author":"Timms","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(85)90067-6","article-title":"Heterologous strain immunity in bovine babesiosis using a culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis immunogen","volume":"18","author":"Montenegro-James","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00536025","article-title":"Bovine babesiosis: induction of protective immunity with culture-derived Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina immunogens","volume":"74","author":"Montenegro-James","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.11.002","article-title":"Discovery of a recombinant Babesia canis supernatant antigen that protects dogs against virulent challenge infection","volume":"249","author":"Moubri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90047-D","article-title":"Investigations of breakdowns in protection provided by living Babesia bovis vaccine","volume":"43","author":"Bock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1995.tb03558.x","article-title":"Studies on failure of T strain live Babesia bovis vaccine","volume":"72","author":"Bock","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003711","article-title":"Morphological and molecular descriptors of the developmental cycle of Babesia divergens parasites in human erythrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Rossouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.057","article-title":"Whole organism blood stage vaccines against malaria","volume":"33","author":"Stanisic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0663-x","article-title":"Development of cultured Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage malaria cell banks for early phase in vivo clinical trial assessment of anti-malaria drugs and vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Stanisic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.063","article-title":"Mannosylated liposomes formulated with whole parasite P. falciparum blood-stage antigens are highly immunogenic in mice","volume":"38","author":"Ssemaganda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.01.001","article-title":"Large-scale growth of the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite in a wave bioreactor","volume":"42","author":"Dalton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2020.04.004","article-title":"Third Human Challenge Trial Conference, Oxford, UK, February 6\u20137, 2020, a meeting report","volume":"66","author":"Pollard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.01.006","article-title":"A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development","volume":"51","author":"Pirahmadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00362","article-title":"Transfusion-associated babesiosis in the United States: a description of cases","volume":"155","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/525852","article-title":"Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"46","author":"Krause","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16718","article-title":"Babesia blood testing: the first-year experience","volume":"62","author":"Tonnetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab050","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2020 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Babesiosis","volume":"72","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.21853","article-title":"Parasite burden and red blood cell exchange transfusion for babesiosis","volume":"36","author":"O'Bryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix477","article-title":"Clinical and molecular evidence of atovaquone and azithromycin resistance in relapsed Babesia microti infection associated with rituximab and chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"65","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304","article-title":"Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis","volume":"339","author":"Krause","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030102","article-title":"Persistence of Babesia microti infection in humans","volume":"8","author":"Bloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00163-y","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants","volume":"20","author":"Pulendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00085","article-title":"Babesia microti infection changes host spleen architecture and is cleared by a Th1 immune response","volume":"9","author":"Djokic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02128-14","article-title":"Macrophages are the determinant of resistance to and outcome of nonlethal Babesia microti infection in mice","volume":"83","author":"Terkawi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb53520.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and products from polyamine degradation are babesiacidal in vitro","volume":"791","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601193","article-title":"Elimination of Babesia microti is dependent on intraerythrocytic killing and CD4+ T cells","volume":"199","author":"Skariah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.4143-4148.1999","article-title":"Roles of CD4+ T cells and gamma interferon in protective immunity against Babesia microti infection in mice","volume":"67","author":"Igarashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.02.016","article-title":"Persistence of babesiosis for >2 years in a patient on rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"85","author":"Raffalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5304-5306.2002","article-title":"Cellular immunity, but not gamma interferon, is essential for resolution of Babesia microti infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"70","author":"Clawson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1086\/496891","article-title":"Babesia microti and Borrelia burgdorferi follow independent courses of infection in mice","volume":"192","author":"Coleman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90298-5","article-title":"Babesiosis in splenectomized adults. Review of 22 reported cases","volume":"76","author":"Rosner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2307\/3280575","article-title":"Babesia microti infections in nonhuman primates","volume":"67","author":"Moore","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00479-17","article-title":"Controlled human malaria infection: applications, advances, and challenges","volume":"86","author":"Stanisic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit394","article-title":"Experimentally induced blood-stage Plasmodium vivax infection in healthy volunteers","volume":"208","author":"McCarthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07889-4","article-title":"Experimental Babesia rossi infection induces hemolytic, metabolic, and viral response pathways in the canine host","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S147149222200157X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S147149222200157X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T07:39:19Z","timestamp":1761464359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S147149222200157X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S147149222200157X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1471-4922"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A vaccine for human babesiosis: prospects and feasibility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2022.07.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}