{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T14:13:11Z","timestamp":1794492791752,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0A0522N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0A0522N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019179","name":"Fundacion La Caixa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B005782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B005782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T15:34:46Z","timestamp":1671118486000},"page":"126-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: an update and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1207-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Hadermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8155-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis-Jorge","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Van Cutsem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph N.","family":"Siewe Fodjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105677","article-title":"Onchocerciasis (river blindness) \u2013 more than a century of research and control","volume":"218","author":"Brattig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0010","series-title":"Progress Report on the Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis, 2019\u20132020","first-page":"545","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0015","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008965","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus and epilepsy: a comprehensive review using the Bradford Hill criteria for causation","volume":"15","author":"Colebunders","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.009","article-title":"Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy, an additional reason for strengthening onchocerciasis elimination programs","volume":"34","author":"Colebunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.10.004","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in villages in Maridi County, Republic of South Sudan","volume":"62","author":"Colebunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007300","article-title":"Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Democratic Republic of Congo: clinical description and relationship with microfilarial density","volume":"13","author":"Siewe Fodjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2018.1012","article-title":"The natural history of nodding syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Idro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007407","article-title":"From river blindness to river epilepsy: implications for onchocerciasis elimination programmes","volume":"13","author":"Colebunders","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12483","article-title":"A longitudinal study on nodding syndrome \u2013 a new African epilepsy disorder","volume":"55","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005201","article-title":"Nakalanga syndrome: clinical characteristics, potential causes, and its relationship with recently described nodding syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Foger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s40817-021-00111-z","article-title":"Association between Ov16 seropositivity and neurocognitive performance among children in rural Cameroon: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Siewe Fodjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005732","article-title":"High prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"11","author":"Levick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004478","article-title":"Prevalence of river epilepsy in the Orientale province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"10","author":"Colebunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.10.021","article-title":"High prevalence of epilepsy in an onchocerciasis endemic health zone in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite 14 years of community-directed treatment with ivermectin: a mixed-method assessment","volume":"79","author":"Mukendi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3345-7","article-title":"Impact of 19 years of mass drug administration with ivermectin on epilepsy burden in a hyperendemic onchocerciasis area in Cameroon","volume":"12","author":"Boulle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0628-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of nodding syndrome and other forms of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in northern Uganda after the implementation of onchocerciasis control measures","volume":"9","author":"Gumisiriza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0450-3","article-title":"High prevalence of epilepsy in two rural onchocerciasis endemic villages in the Mahenge area, Tanzania, after 20 years of community directed treatment with ivermectin","volume":"7","author":"Mmbando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050599","article-title":"High prevalence of epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area in Mvolo County, South Sudan: a door-to-door survey","volume":"10","author":"Raimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040396","article-title":"The prevalence of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in Mundri West and East Counties, South Sudan: a door-to-door survey","volume":"11","author":"Jada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.11.004","article-title":"High prevalence of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in villages in Maridi County, Republic of South Sudan: a community-based survey","volume":"63","author":"Colebunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70114-0","article-title":"Epidemiology, causes, and treatment of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"13","author":"Ba-Diop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050337","article-title":"Focus of ongoing onchocerciasis transmission close to Bangui, Central African Republic","volume":"9","author":"Smet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009430","article-title":"First description of nodding syndrome in the Central African Republic","volume":"15","author":"Metanmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0481-9","article-title":"Burden of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: first estimates and research priorities","volume":"7","author":"Vinkeles Melchers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0544-6","article-title":"Stigma and epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic regions in Africa: a review and recommendations from the onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy working group","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238643","article-title":"Economic burden of the persistent morbidity of nodding syndrome on caregivers in affected households in Northern Uganda","volume":"15","author":"Latio","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30122-5","article-title":"Changes in epilepsy burden after onchocerciasis elimination in a hyperendemic focus of western Uganda: a comparison of two population-based, cross-sectional studies","volume":"20","author":"Gumisiriza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0497-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Mbam and Sanaga river valleys of Cameroon: impact of more than 13 years of ivermectin","volume":"7","author":"Siewe Fodjo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa012","article-title":"Meta-analysis of epilepsy prevalence in West Africa and its relationship with onchocerciasis endemicity and control","volume":"12","author":"Siewe Fodjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30425-0","article-title":"The temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a population-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Chesnais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa206","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa206","article-title":"A second population-based cohort study in Cameroon confirms the temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Chesnais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000461","article-title":"Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Pion","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0170","first-page":"11","article-title":"El sindrome epileptico y sus reaciones con onchocercosis","volume":"1","author":"Casis Sacre","year":"1938","journal-title":"Bol. Salubridad Higiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1965.tb04970.x","article-title":"Epilepsy in the Wapogoro tribe in Tanganyika","volume":"41","author":"Aall-Jilek","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90433-5","article-title":"Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon","volume":"96","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(92)90056-4","article-title":"Eye lesions, blindness and visual impairment in the Taraba river valley, Nigeria and their relation to onchocercal microfilariae in skin","volume":"51","author":"Akogun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0190","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Epilepsy care in a non-clinical setting. A medical-anthropological study among the Bassa and Kpelle in the rainforest of Liberia, West Africa","volume":"46","author":"Gerrits","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0452-1","article-title":"High prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic health areas in Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"7","author":"Lenaerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91663-X","article-title":"A West African epilepsy focus","volume":"1","author":"Gerrits","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_6_17","article-title":"Impact assessment study after 27 years of community-directed treatment with ivermectin in Galadimawa, Kaduna State, Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Babalola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300026705","article-title":"Simulium damnosum and its relation to onchocerciasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan","volume":"43","author":"Lewis","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bull. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1993-7","article-title":"Nodding syndrome and epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions: comparing preliminary observations from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo with data from Uganda","volume":"9","author":"Colebunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040315","article-title":"The role of the Maridi Dam in causing an onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy epidemic in Maridi, South Sudan: an epidemiological, sociological, and entomological study","volume":"9","author":"Lakwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00771.x","article-title":"Combined benefits of annual mass treatment with ivermectin and cattle zooprophylaxis on the severity of human onchocerciasis in northern Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Seidenfaden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tropical Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118209700228X","article-title":"Onchocerca ochengi: epidemiological evidence of cross-protection against Onchocerca volvulus in man","volume":"116","author":"Wahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000075958","article-title":"Review of epidemiological studies searching for a relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy","volume":"23","author":"Druet-Cabanac","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0240","first-page":"554","article-title":"Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda","volume":"69","author":"Ovuga","year":"1992","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.03.015","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence concerning the association between onchocerciasis and epilepsy","volume":"82","author":"Siewe Fodjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060435","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic tests for Onchocerca volvulus in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"9","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0465-9","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus as a risk factor for developing epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a case control study","volume":"7","author":"Mandro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007966","article-title":"Ivermectin as an adjuvant to anti-epileptic treatment in persons with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: a randomized proof-of-concept clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Mandro","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066419","article-title":"An epidemiologic investigation of potential risk factors for nodding syndrome in Kitgum District, Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Foltz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6040211","article-title":"Nodding syndrome: a scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Abd-Elfarag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0275","first-page":"205","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric perspectives on nodding syndrome in northern Uganda: a case series study and a review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Musisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007344","article-title":"\u2018Those who died are the ones that are cured\u2019. Walking the political tightrope of Nodding Syndrome in northern Uganda: emerging challenges for research and policy","volume":"13","author":"Irani","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130401","article-title":"Nodding syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Dowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0290","first-page":"433","article-title":"Memoire sur l'Onchocerca volvulus \u2018Luecart\u2019 et ses manifestations oculaires au Congo Belge","volume":"12","author":"Hisette","year":"1932","journal-title":"Ann. M\u00e9d Trop. Brux"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0295","series-title":"Presencia de microfilarias de Onchocerca volvulus en el liquido cefalorraquideo de enfermos tratados con hetrazan","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Mazotti","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0300","first-page":"123","article-title":"Microfilariae in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neurological complications, during treatment of onchocerciasis with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"27","author":"Duke","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0305","first-page":"2807","article-title":"Lethal coma in the course of notezine treatment and with the presence of microfilaria of Onchocerca volvulus in the cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"5","author":"Bureau","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nouv. Press. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S8372","article-title":"Ocular onchocerciasis: current management and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"Babalola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0315","first-page":"267","article-title":"The pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis","volume":"77","author":"Rodger","year":"1957","journal-title":"Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U. K."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0320","first-page":"449","article-title":"Factors influencing the passage of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae into the urine","volume":"26","author":"Duke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.58","article-title":"Onchocerciasis in Guatemala. II. Microfilariae in urine, blood, and sputum after diethylcarbamazine","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2011.630008","article-title":"Immunomodulatory activity of diethylcarbamazine on humoral, cellular cytokine response and respiratory burst in BALB\/c mice","volume":"34","author":"Medina-De la Garza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4313","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus: microfilariae secrete elastinolytic and males nonelastinolytic matrix-degrading serine and metalloproteases","volume":"90","author":"Haffner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020116","article-title":"Neuropathological changes in Nakalanga syndrome \u2013 a case report","volume":"10","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2010.01.006","article-title":"Psammoma bodies \u2013 friends or foes of the aging choroid plexus","volume":"74","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.11.029","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus is not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy","volume":"91","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000338","article-title":"The role of Onchocerca volvulus in the development of epilepsy in a rural area of Tanzania","volume":"137","author":"Konig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0360","first-page":"529","article-title":"MRI findings in people with epilepsy and nodding syndrome in an area endemic for onchocerciasis: an observational study","volume":"13","author":"Winkler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlz090","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and not tauopathy is a predominant pathological signature of nodding syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.05.013","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in onchocerciasis endemic areas","volume":"32","author":"Colebunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00047-6","article-title":"Brain maturation and epilepsy","volume":"111","author":"Dulac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26377","article-title":"Ictal electroencephalographic characteristics of nodding syndrome: a comparative case-series from South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda","volume":"92","author":"Mazumder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3188-y","article-title":"Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"39","author":"Asadi-Pooya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111451","article-title":"Risk factors for nodding syndrome and other forms of epilepsy in Northern Uganda: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Gumisiriza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90089-4","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and reproductive health in Ecuador","volume":"91","author":"Guderian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00906.x","article-title":"Prenatal immune priming in onchocerciasis-onchocerca volvulus-specific cellular responsiveness and cytokine production in newborns from infected mothers","volume":"117","author":"Soboslay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003834","article-title":"Impact of parental onchocerciasis and intensity of transmission on development and persistence of Onchocerca volvulus infection in offspring: an 18 year follow-up study","volume":"127","author":"Kirch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.018","article-title":"Risk factors for epilepsy in Bas-Uele Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a case-control study","volume":"49","author":"Colebunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11779.x","article-title":"What types of epilepsy are preceded by febrile seizures? A population-based study of children","volume":"36","author":"Camfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00052-X","article-title":"Febrile and other occasional seizures","volume":"111","author":"Bast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2633105520956973","article-title":"The pathogenesis of fever-induced febrile seizures and its current state","volume":"15","author":"Mosili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008436","article-title":"Protection or susceptibility to devastating childhood epilepsy: nodding syndrome associates with immunogenetic fingerprints in the HLA binding groove","volume":"14","author":"Benedek","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0435","article-title":"Genomic analysis, immunomodulation and deep phenotyping of patients with nodding syndrome","author":"Soldatos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6953","article-title":"Nodding syndrome may be an autoimmune reaction to the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070845","article-title":"No evidence for the involvement of leiomodin-1 antibodies in the pathogenesis of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Hotterbeekx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01005-3","article-title":"The pathogenesis of chorioretinal disease in onchocerciasis","volume":"13","author":"Cooper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1909-9","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Uganda is a tauopathy","volume":"136","author":"Pollanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0460","article-title":"The spectrum of disease and tau pathology of nodding syndrome in Uganda","author":"Pollanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww187","article-title":"Hyperphosphorylated tau in patients with refractory epilepsy correlates with cognitive decline: a study of temporal lobe resections","volume":"139","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.08.003","article-title":"Epilepsy-related stigma and cost in two onchocerciasis-endemic areas in South Sudan: a pilot descriptive study","volume":"81","author":"Jada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0475","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0480","series-title":"Guidelines for Stopping Mass Drug Administration and Verifying Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.01.042","article-title":"Reducing onchocerciasis-associated morbidity in onchocerciasis-endemic foci with high ongoing transmission: a focus on the children","volume":"116","author":"Colebunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1104","article-title":"Optimization of slash and clear community-directed control of Simulium damnosum sensu stricto in Northern Uganda","volume":"104","author":"Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101329","article-title":"\u2018Slash and clear\u2019, a community-based vector control method to reduce onchocerciasis transmission by Simulium sirbanum in Maridi, South Sudan: a prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Raimon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32844-1","article-title":"Single dose moxidectin versus ivermectin for Onchocerca volvulus infection in Ghana, Liberia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial","volume":"392","author":"Opoku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa080","article-title":"Caring for patients in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"13","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Health"}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492222002835?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492222002835?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T07:40:02Z","timestamp":1761464402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492222002835"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492222002835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: an update and future perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}