{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:46:58Z","timestamp":1786996018719,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":368,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T07:23:51Z","timestamp":1747639431000},"page":"471-485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Var genes, strain hyperdiversity, and malaria transmission dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6115-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen P.","family":"Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mun Hua","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Ruybal-Pes\u00e1ntez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Tiedje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115628","article-title":"Ape origins of human malaria","volume":"74","author":"Sharp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00173-07","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum: gene organization and regulation of the var multigene family","volume":"6","author":"Kyes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0162-2","article-title":"Genomes of all known members of a Plasmodium subgenus reveal paths to virulent human malaria","volume":"3","author":"Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0398-358","article-title":"Parasite antigens on the infected red cell surface are targets for naturally acquired immunity to malaria","volume":"4","author":"Bull","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01097","article-title":"Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"419","author":"Gardner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000933","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane Protein 1 diversity in seven genomes \u2013 divide and conquer","volume":"6","author":"Rask","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14571.1","article-title":"Long read assemblies of geographically dispersed Plasmodium falciparum isolates reveal highly structured subtelomeres","volume":"3","author":"Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellc. Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001306","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria involves a highly structured switching pattern","volume":"7","author":"Recker","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.439","article-title":"Molecular aspects of severe malaria","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1053\/beha.1999.0051","article-title":"Adhesive receptors on malaria-parasitized red cells","volume":"12","author":"Baruch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00049-1","article-title":"Cytoadherence, pathogenesis and the infected red cell surface in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"29","author":"Newbold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1084-0","article-title":"Increased circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum underlies persistent asymptomatic infection in the dry season","volume":"26","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.06.006","article-title":"A family affair: var genes, PfEMP1 binding, and malaria disease","volume":"9","author":"Kraemer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004812","article-title":"Generation of antigenic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum by structured rearrangement of Var genes during mitosis","volume":"10","author":"Claessens","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000271","article-title":"Rapid antigen diversification through mitotic recombination in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003293","article-title":"Mitotic evolution of Plasmodium falciparum shows a stable core genome but recombination in antigen families","volume":"9","author":"Bopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-27","article-title":"Sub-grouping of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 var genes based on sequence analysis of coding and non-coding regions","volume":"2","author":"Lavstsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-45","article-title":"Patterns of gene recombination shape var gene repertoires in Plasmodium falciparum: comparisons of geographically diverse isolates","volume":"8","author":"Kraemer","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac012","article-title":"An accurate method for identifying recent recombinants from unaligned sequences","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003268","article-title":"A network approach to analyzing highly recombinant malaria parasite genes","volume":"9","author":"Larremore","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5453.667","article-title":"A simple model for complex dynamical transitions in epidemics","volume":"287","author":"Earn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132745","article-title":"Epochal evolution shapes the phylodynamics of interpandemic influenza A (H3N2) in humans","volume":"314","author":"Koelle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90160-0","article-title":"A strain theory of malaria transmission","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00361.x","article-title":"A theoretical framework for the immunoepidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8310293","article-title":"Antigenic diversity and the transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"263","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0496-437","article-title":"The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00093","article-title":"Population structuring of multi-copy, antigen-encoding genes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"1","author":"Artzy-Randrup","year":"2012","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04219-3","article-title":"Networks of genetic similarity reveal non-neutral processes shape strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000336","article-title":"Competition for hosts modulates vast antigenic diversity to generate persistent strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"17","author":"Pilosof","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15590.1","article-title":"Evolutionary analysis of the most polymorphic gene family in falciparum malaria","volume":"4","author":"Otto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellc. Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04573-6","article-title":"Varia: a tool for prediction, analysis and visualisation of variable genes","volume":"23","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2022.1006341","article-title":"Unravelling var complexity: relationship between DBL\u03b1 types and var genes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012813","article-title":"A paradoxical population structure of var DBL\u03b1 types in Africa","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120455109","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 domain cassettes 8 and 13 are associated with severe malaria in children","volume":"109","author":"Lavstsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12216","article-title":"Severe malaria is associated with parasite binding to endothelial protein C receptor","volume":"498","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202578","article-title":"A novel domain cassette identifies Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 proteins binding ICAM-1 and is a target of cross-reactive, adhesion-inhibitory antibodies","volume":"190","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524294113","article-title":"Severe adult malaria is associated with specific PfEMP1 adhesion types and high parasite biomass","volume":"113","author":"Bernabeu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006011","article-title":"Cytoadhesion to gC1qR through Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in severe malaria","volume":"12","author":"Magall\u00f3n-Tejada","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.02.009","article-title":"Structure-guided identification of a family of dual receptor-binding PfEMP1 that is associated with cerebral malaria","volume":"21","author":"Lennartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2004328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004328","article-title":"The Plasmodium falciparum transcriptome in severe malaria reveals altered expression of genes involved in important processes including surface antigen-encoding var genes","volume":"16","author":"Tonkin-Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.10.012","article-title":"Protective immunity against severe malaria in children is associated with a limited repertoire of antibodies to conserved PfEMP1 Variants","volume":"26","author":"Tessema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3715","article-title":"Parasite virulence and disease patterns in Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"91","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002451","article-title":"Evolution of the multi-domain structures of virulence genes in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"8","author":"Buckee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0420","article-title":"Population genomics of the immune evasion (var) genes of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"3","author":"Barry","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0225","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological study of var gene diversity to characterize the reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in humans in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4103","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613018114","article-title":"Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa","volume":"114","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9376","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3425","article-title":"Evolutionary structure of Plasmodium falciparum major variant surface antigen genes in South America: implications for epidemic transmission and surveillance","volume":"7","author":"Rougeron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11814-9","article-title":"Population genomics of virulence genes of Plasmodium falciparum in clinical isolates from Uganda","volume":"7","author":"Ruybal-Pes\u00e1ntez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0959","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections across two catchment areas in Bongo District, Ghana","volume":"97","author":"Tiedje","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000285","article-title":"Indoor residual spraying with a non-pyrethroid insecticide reduces the reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in a high-transmission area in northern Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Tiedje","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.12.001","article-title":"Age-specific patterns of DBL\u03b1 var diversity can explain why residents of high malaria transmission areas remain susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage infection throughout life","volume":"52","author":"Ruybal-Pes\u00e1ntez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M111.008326","article-title":"The stability and complexity of antibody responses to the major surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum are associated with age in a malaria endemic area","volume":"10","author":"Barry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12183","article-title":"Malaria\u2019s deadly grip: cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2150456","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of malaria: sticky problems and tricky solutions","volume":"14","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00159-0","article-title":"A study of var gene transcription in vitro using universal var gene primers","volume":"105","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010026","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen expression patterns during malaria","volume":"1","author":"Bull","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0285","article-title":"Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum census population size in response to sequential malaria control interventions","volume":"12","author":"Tiedje","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1032-7","article-title":"Using expected sequence features to improve basecalling accuracy of amplicon pyrosequencing data","volume":"17","author":"Rask","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009269","article-title":"Evolutionary analyses of the major variant surface antigen-encoding genes reveal population structure of Plasmodium falciparum within and between continents","volume":"17","author":"Tonkin-Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080665","article-title":"Random mating in a natural population of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"109","author":"Babiker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569897","article-title":"Mating patterns in malaria parasite populations of Papua New Guinea","volume":"269","author":"Paul","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006174","article-title":"Identifying functional groups among the diverse, recombining antigenic var genes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum from a local community in Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Rorick","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03257-x","article-title":"Identification of a conserved var gene in different Plasmodium falciparum strains","volume":"19","author":"Dimonte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15779-8","article-title":"The impact of antimalarial resistance on the genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the DRC","volume":"11","author":"Verity","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa527","article-title":"Sensitive, highly multiplexed sequencing of microhaplotypes from the Plasmodium falciparum heterozygome","volume":"225","author":"Tessema","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13622","article-title":"Design and implementation of multiplexed amplicon sequencing panels to serve genomic epidemiology of infectious disease: a malaria case study","volume":"22","author":"LaVerriere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51015-3","article-title":"Lineage-informative microhaplotypes for recurrence classification and spatio-temporal surveillance of Plasmodium vivax malaria parasites","volume":"15","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.11.006","article-title":"Molecular markers for malaria genetic epidemiology: progress and pitfalls","volume":"40","author":"Ruybal-Pes\u00e1ntez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010816","article-title":"Neutral vs. non-neutral genetic footprints of Plasmodium falciparum multiclonal infections","volume":"19","author":"Labb\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2023.1067966","article-title":"Comparison of molecular surveillance methods to assess changes in the population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum in high transmission","volume":"2","author":"Ghansah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1071896","article-title":"Performance of SNP barcodes to determine genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa","volume":"14","author":"Argyropoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0360","article-title":"From multiplicity of infection to force of infection for sparsely sampled Plasmodium falciparum populations at high transmission","volume":"13","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13033","article-title":"Phylogeography of var gene repertoires reveals fine-scale geospatial clustering of Plasmodium falciparum populations in a highly endemic area","volume":"24","author":"Tessema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.633263","article-title":"Frequency-dependent competition between strains imparts persistence to perturbations in a model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51468-6","article-title":"Hyper-diverse antigenic variation and resilience to transmission-reducing intervention in falciparum malaria","volume":"15","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218499120","article-title":"An immune memory\u2013structured SIS epidemiological model for hyperdiverse pathogens","volume":"120","author":"de Roos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E189","DOI":"10.1086\/699535","article-title":"Multiscale immune selection and the transmission-diversity feedback in antigenically diverse pathogen systems","volume":"192","author":"Holding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.1085862","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of continued Plasmodium falciparum disease transmission after an outbreak in Ecuador","volume":"4","author":"Ruybal-Pes\u00e1ntez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1019-2","article-title":"Clonal population expansion in an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum on the northwest coast of Ecuador","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e1enz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010993","article-title":"Resolving drug selection and migration in an inbred South American Plasmodium falciparum population with identity-by-descent analysis","volume":"18","author":"Carrasquilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.002","article-title":"Measurably recombining malaria parasites","volume":"39","author":"Camponovo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090727","article-title":"Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens","volume":"303","author":"Grenfell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-13-110","article-title":"Hypervariable antigen genes in malaria have ancient roots","volume":"13","author":"Zilversmit","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075235","article-title":"Population genetics and dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum: an ecological view","volume":"104","author":"Day","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90888","article-title":"Antigenic strain diversity predicts different biogeographic patterns of maintenance and decline of antimalarial drug resistance","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0275","article-title":"Critical transitions in malaria transmission models are consistently generated by superinfection","volume":"374","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(00)00279-6","article-title":"Classification of adhesive domains in the Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 family","volume":"110","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2006.07.007","article-title":"Extense variant gene family repertoire overlap in Western Amazon Plasmodium falciparum isolates","volume":"150","author":"Albrecht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2010.01.001","article-title":"The South American Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoire is limited, highly shared and possibly lacks several antigenic types","volume":"453","author":"Albrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gene"}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492225001047?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492225001047?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:50:06Z","timestamp":1778521806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492225001047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492225001047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Var genes, strain hyperdiversity, and malaria transmission dynamics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2025.04.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}