{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:43:59Z","timestamp":1793321039916,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004410","name":"European Molecular Biology Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:30:30Z","timestamp":1774528230000},"page":"350-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The revised Cryptosporidium life cycle offers opportunities for fundamental and translational advances"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9934-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lia C.","family":"Balestra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail M.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-432X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Striepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0005","series-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: Assessment of Chemotherapy of Males with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)","author":"CDC","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012540","article-title":"Safe and effective treatments are needed for cryptosporidiosis, a truly neglected tropical disease","volume":"8","author":"Gilbert","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304","article-title":"A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply","volume":"331","author":"Mac Kenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200512","article-title":"Immunity to Cryptosporidium: lessons from acquired and primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"209","author":"Cohn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for Cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study","volume":"6","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.824","article-title":"Attribution of malnutrition to cause-specific diarrheal illness: evidence from a prospective study of preschool children in Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"80","author":"Mondal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.002","article-title":"Cryptosporidium rhoptry effector protein ROP1 injected during invasion targets the host cytoskeletal modulator LMO7","volume":"29","author":"Guerin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5379-5387.2005","article-title":"Gliding motility leads to active cellular invasion by Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites","volume":"73","author":"Wetzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.86","article-title":"Gliding motility powers invasion and egress in apicomplexa","volume":"15","author":"Frenal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40520-6","article-title":"Origin and arrangement of actin filaments for gliding motility in apicomplexan parasites revealed by cryo-electron tomography","volume":"14","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25309-9","article-title":"In situ ultrastructures of two evolutionarily distant apicomplexan rhoptry secretion systems","volume":"12","author":"Mageswaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.001","article-title":"Cryptosporidium uses multiple distinct secretory organelles to interact with and modify its host cell","volume":"31","author":"Guerin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2597642","article-title":"Pathogenicity and virulence of Cryptosporidium","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-041320-021425","article-title":"How apicomplexa parasites secrete and build their invasion machinery","volume":"76","author":"Cova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5167-5175.2000","article-title":"Mediation of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro by mucin-like glycoproteins defined by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody","volume":"68","author":"Cevallos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.09.004","article-title":"The thrombospondin-related protein CpMIC1 (CpTSP8) belongs to the repertoire of micronemal proteins of Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"157","author":"Putignani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03158-23","article-title":"Requirement of microtubules for secretion of a micronemal protein CpTSP4 in the invasive stage of the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05286-8","article-title":"The mucin-like, secretory type-I transmembrane glycoprotein GP900 in the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum is cleaved in the secretory pathway and likely plays a lubrication role","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.103006","article-title":"Conservation, abundance, glycosylation profile, and localization of the TSP protein family in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"299","author":"John","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03064-22","article-title":"Apical secretory glycoprotein complex contributes to cell attachment and entry by Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"14","author":"Akey","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128284","article-title":"Cryptosporidium dense granule effector MUC5 interacts with host actin cytoskeleton through CD2AP","volume":"300","author":"Ao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116315","article-title":"Genetic crosses reveal genomic loci responsible for virulence in Cryptosporidium parvum infection","volume":"44","author":"Shaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07466-1","article-title":"Transcriptional control of the Cryptosporidium life cycle","volume":"630","author":"Walzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.04.001","article-title":"Cryptosporidium modifies intestinal microvilli through an exported virulence factor","volume":"33","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2553780","article-title":"Cryptosporidium exports a mucin glycoprotein into the microvilli of intestinal epithelium","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00662-0","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum invasion of biliary epithelia requires host cell tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin via c-Src","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.09.007","article-title":"The biology of the intestinal intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium","volume":"28","author":"Guerin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78267-6_7","article-title":"Host cell actin remodeling in response to Cryptosporidium","volume":"47","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931092","article-title":"Cryptosporidium sp. of the starred lizard Agama stellio: ultrastructure and life cycle","volume":"76","author":"Ostrovska","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0160","article-title":"Multiple pathways for glucose phosphate transport and utilization support growth of Cryptosporidium parvum","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70451","article-title":"The enteric pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum exports proteins into the cytosol of the infected host cell","volume":"10","author":"Dumaine","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005211","article-title":"Fundamental roles of the Golgi-associated Toxoplasma aspartyl protease, asp5, at the host-parasite interface","volume":"11","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08728","article-title":"An aspartyl protease directs malaria effector proteins to the host cell","volume":"463","author":"Boddey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101241","article-title":"Plasmepsin-like aspartyl proteases in Babesia","volume":"10","author":"Snebergerova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27480","article-title":"A druggable secretory protein maturase of Toxoplasma essential for invasion and egress","volume":"6","author":"Dogga","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ar133","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E25-06-0306","article-title":"Cryptosporidium aspartyl protease 2 is required for host cell egress of merozoites and male gametes","volume":"36","author":"Wallbank","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094786","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"304","author":"Abrahamsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.11.005","article-title":"Metabolic needs and capabilities among Cryptosporidium species","volume":"42","author":"Humann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3343-5","article-title":"Evolution of mitosome metabolism and invasion-related proteins in Cryptosporidium","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-026-02331-5","article-title":"Genomic heterogeneity of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase predisposes Cryptosporidium to clofazimine resistance","author":"Buenconsejo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01120-25","article-title":"Assessing the function of the alternative electron transport chain in the Cryptosporidium parvum mitosome","volume":"16","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0220","article-title":"Biological characterization of alternative oxidase in Cryptosporidium mitosome","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.05.002","article-title":"Targeted gene knockdown validates the essential role of lactate dehydrogenase in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"47","author":"Witola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0539-x","article-title":"Life cycle progression and sexual development of the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"4","author":"Tandel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1908239116","article-title":"Genetic ablation of purine salvage in Cryptosporidium parvum reveals nucleotide uptake from the host cell","volume":"116","author":"Pawlowic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63012-1","article-title":"Targeted CRISPR screens reveal genes essential for Cryptosporidium survival in the host intestine","volume":"16","author":"Watson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14651","article-title":"Genetic modification of the diarrhoeal pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"523","author":"Vinayak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.07.001","article-title":"The essential host genome for Cryptosporidium survival exposes metabolic dependencies that can be leveraged for treatment","volume":"188","author":"Marzook","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.009","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00087-19","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0265","article-title":"Association of common zoonotic pathogens with concentrated animal feeding operations","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021000974","article-title":"Absence of Cryptosporidium hominis and dominance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in patients after COVID-19 restrictions in Auckland, New Zealand","volume":"148","author":"Knox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001693","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 restrictions on the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in England and Wales, 2015-2021: a time series analysis","volume":"72","author":"Adamson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819002309","article-title":"Animal agriculture exposures among Minnesota residents with zoonotic enteric infections, 2012-2016","volume":"148","author":"Klumb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07086-y","article-title":"Cross-sectional household transmission study of Cryptosporidium shows that C. hominis infections are a key risk factor for spread","volume":"22","author":"McKerr","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.278830.123","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Cryptosporidium parvum reveals the emergence of an outbreak-associated population in Europe and its spread to the United States","volume":"34","author":"Bellinzona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16556","article-title":"Recent genetic exchanges and admixture shape the genome and population structure of the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"32","author":"Corsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac056","article-title":"Global population genomics of two subspecies of Cryptosporidium hominis during 500 years of evolution","volume":"39","author":"Tichkule","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0305","article-title":"Comparative genomics revealed adaptive admixture in Cryptosporidium hominis in Africa","volume":"7","author":"Tichkule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0377-x","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics of anthroponosis in Cryptosporidium","volume":"4","author":"Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001323","article-title":"Origin of a major infectious disease in vertebrates: the timing of Cryptosporidium evolution and its hosts","volume":"143","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac150","article-title":"Sympatric recombination in zoonotic Cryptosporidium leads to emergence of populations with modified host preference","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.11.013","article-title":"Multiple introductions and recombination events underlie the emergence of a hyper-transmissible Cryptosporidium hominis subtype in the USA","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5788-9","article-title":"Comparative analysis reveals conservation in genome organization among intestinal Cryptosporidium species and sequence divergence in potential secreted pathogenesis determinants among major human-infecting species","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06885-0","article-title":"Variant surface protein GP60 contributes to host infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.05.007","article-title":"A stem-cell-derived platform enables complete Cryptosporidium development in vitro and genetic tractability","volume":"26","author":"Wilke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba8412","article-title":"Bicyclic azetidines kill the diarrheal pathogen Cryptosporidium in mice by inhibiting parasite phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase","volume":"12","author":"Vinayak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2313210120","article-title":"Genetic crosses within and between species of Cryptosporidium","volume":"121","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236814","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1236814","article-title":"Mode of action studies confirm on-target engagement of lysyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor and lead to new selection marker for Cryptosporidium","volume":"13","author":"Hanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.07.024","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum multidrug resistance protein confers resistance to toxic gut microbial metabolite","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60088-7","article-title":"SKSR1 identified as key virulence factor in Cryptosporidium by genetic crossing","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000761","article-title":"Emerging treatment options for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"34","author":"Love","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa421","article-title":"Clofazimine for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults: an experimental medicine, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial","volume":"73","author":"Iroh Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05567.x","article-title":"A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice","volume":"33","author":"Current","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001604","article-title":"Live imaging of the Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle reveals direct development of male and female gametes from type I meronts","volume":"20","author":"English","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00502-25","article-title":"Organoid-based in vitro system and reporter for the study of Cryptosporidium parvum sexual reproduction","volume":"13","author":"Korwin-Mihavics","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0177-8","article-title":"Modelling Cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids","volume":"3","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.02.009","article-title":"Chromatin modifications, epigenetics, and how protozoan parasites regulate their lives","volume":"28","author":"Croken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6042","article-title":"GDV1 induces sexual commitment of malaria parasites by antagonizing HP1-dependent gene silencing","volume":"359","author":"Filarsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2025.09.011","article-title":"Pink or blue: sex determination in malaria gametocytes","volume":"41","author":"Pradel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05364-3","article-title":"New T2T assembly of Cryptosporidium parvum IOWA II annotated with legacy-compatible gene identifiers","volume":"12","author":"Baptista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0420","article-title":"Analysis of long non-coding RNA in Cryptosporidium parvum reveals significant stage-specific antisense transcription","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062741","article-title":"The epigenome, cell cycle, and development in Toxoplasma","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12920","article-title":"A transcriptional switch underlies commitment to sexual development in malaria parasites","volume":"507","author":"Kafsack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12970","article-title":"A cascade of DNA-binding proteins for sexual commitment and development in Plasmodium","volume":"507","author":"Sinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03261-22","article-title":"Genetic ablation of a female-specific apetala 2 transcription factor blocks oocyst shedding in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"14","author":"Tandel","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05509-z","article-title":"A transcriptional switch controls sex determination in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"612","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013561","article-title":"Cryptosporidium oocyst wall proteins are true components of the oocyst wall and COWP8 is not required for parasite transmission","volume":"21","author":"Bacchetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09880-w","article-title":"A suite of phenotypic assays to ensure pipeline diversity when prioritizing drug-like Cryptosporidium growth inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Jumani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00124-18","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to intracellular stages of Cryptosporidium parvum define life cycle progression in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Wilke","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8271","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku500","article-title":"The Cryptosporidium parvum ApiAP2 gene family: insights into the evolution of apicomplexan AP2 regulatory systems","volume":"42","author":"Oberstaller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03405-20","article-title":"Insulinase-like protease 1 contributes to macrogamont formation in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001637","article-title":"Life cycle of Cryptosporidium muris in two rodents with different responses to parasitization","volume":"141","author":"Melicherova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00536023","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Cryptosporidium muris (strain RN 66) parasitizing the murine stomach","volume":"74","author":"Uni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114263","article-title":"The Cryptosporidium signaling kinase CDPK5 plays an important role in male gametogenesis and parasite virulence","volume":"43","author":"Nava","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.024","article-title":"The ancient gamete fusogen HAP2 is a eukaryotic class II fusion protein","volume":"168","author":"Fedry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011162","article-title":"Mendelian segregation and high recombination rates facilitate genetic analyses in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"20","author":"Kimball","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad257","article-title":"Genomic heterogeneity of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from children in Bangladesh: implications for parasite biology and human infection","volume":"228","author":"Carey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0505","article-title":"Independent evolution of holocentric chromosomes in an early branching apicomplexan parasite","author":"Kimball","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006741108","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii sequesters centromeres to a specific nuclear region throughout the cell cycle","volume":"108","author":"Brooks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02641-13","article-title":"Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum active chemical series by repurposing the open access malaria box","volume":"58","author":"Bessoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22337","article-title":"A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"546","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.01.006","article-title":"Bumped kinase inhibitors as therapy for apicomplexan parasitic diseases: lessons learned","volume":"50","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814685116","article-title":"Lysyl-tRNA synthetase as a drug target in malaria and cryptosporidiosis","volume":"116","author":"Baragana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100542","article-title":"Treating cryptosporidiosis: a review on drug discovery strategies","volume":"25","author":"Leniere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adm8631","article-title":"Cryptosporidium lysyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors define the interplay between solubility and permeability required to achieve efficacy","volume":"16","author":"Caldwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00023-21","article-title":"Spontaneous selection of Cryptosporidium drug resistance in a calf model of infection","volume":"65","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01810-x","article-title":"Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor EDI048 is a gut-restricted parasiticidal agent to treat paediatric enteric cryptosporidiosis","volume":"9","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04620-8","article-title":"Conducting clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and lessons learned from the Malawi Cryptosporidium study","volume":"21","author":"Toto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00057","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in developing a Cryptosporidium controlled human infection model for testing antiparasitic agents","volume":"7","author":"Jumani","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009445","article-title":"Nonsterile immunity to cryptosporidiosis in infants is associated with mucosal IgA against the sporozoite and protection from malnutrition","volume":"17","author":"Kabir","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.05.006","article-title":"A genetically tractable, natural mouse model of cryptosporidiosis offers insights into host protective immunity","volume":"26","author":"Sateriale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00932-3","article-title":"Immunity to Cryptosporidium: insights into principles of enteric responses to infection","volume":"24","author":"Pardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e362","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf253","article-title":"Decrease in incidence of diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium in Bangladeshi children is associated with an increase in anti-Cryptosporidium antibody avidity","volume":"232","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.05.002","article-title":"Parasite and host immune factors that impact the development of a mucosal vaccine for Cryptosporidium","volume":"18","author":"Merolle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166814","article-title":"Specific Cryptosporidium antigens associate with reinfection immunity and protection from cryptosporidiosis","volume":"133","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.002","article-title":"Commensal Cryptosporidium colonization elicits a cDC1-dependent Th1 response that promotes intestinal homeostasis and limits other infections","volume":"54","author":"Russler-Germain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir874","article-title":"Infection with Cryptosporidium hominis provides incomplete protection of the host against Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"205","author":"Sheoran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Trends in Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492226000474?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1471492226000474?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T20:36:14Z","timestamp":1779741374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1471492226000474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1471492226000474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4922","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The revised Cryptosporidium life cycle offers opportunities for fundamental and translational advances","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Parasitology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2026.02.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}