{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:44:42Z","timestamp":1791107082406,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physical Therapy in Sport"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,26]],"date-time":"2011-08-26T00:07:37Z","timestamp":1314317257000},"page":"97-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Elbow isokinetic strength characteristics among collegiate baseball players"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Laudner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310030201","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of a new ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction technique with interference screw fixation","volume":"31","author":"Ahmad","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90048-8","article-title":"Muscles across the elbow joint: a biomechanical analysis","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281240","article-title":"Operative treatment of ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency of the elbow in female athletes","volume":"34","author":"Argo","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600604","article-title":"Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310042601","article-title":"Elbow injuries in throwing athletes: a current concepts review","volume":"31","author":"Cain","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274010-00009","article-title":"Medial instability of the elbow in throwing athletes. Treatment by repair or reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament","volume":"74","author":"Conway","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery American"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300220","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the flexor pronator muscle group in relation to the medial collateral ligament of the elbow","volume":"23","author":"Davidson","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2000.30.9.544","article-title":"Assessment of shoulder strength in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Donatelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260031301","article-title":"Medial elbow joint laxity in professional baseball pitchers. A bilateral comparison using stress radiography","volume":"26","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218","article-title":"Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Fleisig","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505280431","article-title":"Kinetic comparison among the fastball, curveball, change-up, and slider in collegiate baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Fleisig","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000313","article-title":"An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in normal and injured pitchers with medial collateral ligament insufficiency","volume":"20","author":"Glousman","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(96)80065-6","article-title":"Dynamic stability of the elbow: electromyographic analysis of the flexor pronator group and the extensor group in pitchers with valgus instability","volume":"5","author":"Hamilton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b22aea","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of forearm pronation and its relationship to ball movement for the two-seam and four-seam fastball pitches","volume":"24","author":"Keeley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025072","article-title":"Evolution of the treatment options of ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow","volume":"40","author":"Langer","year":"2006","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.03.024","article-title":"Muscle contribution to elbow joint valgus stability","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300520","article-title":"Eccentric and concentric strength of the shoulder and arm musculature in collegiate baseball pitchers","volume":"23","author":"Mikesky","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100506","article-title":"Articular and ligamentous contributions to the stability of the elbow joint","volume":"11","author":"Morrey","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib19","first-page":"861","article-title":"Isokinetic profile of shoulder internal and external rotators of high school aged baseball pitchers","volume":"18","author":"Mulligan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509333264","article-title":"A\u00a0biomechanical comparison of the fastball and curveball in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"37","author":"Nissen","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318064c88e","article-title":"Adolescent baseball pitching technique: a detailed three-dimensional biomechanical analysis","volume":"39","author":"Nissen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658100900103","article-title":"Acute medial elbow ruptures","volume":"9","author":"Norwood","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200410000-00020","article-title":"Dynamic contributions of the flexor-pronator mass to elbow valgus stability","volume":"86-A","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery American"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262166","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in high school baseball players: clinical results and injury risk factors","volume":"32","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.07.001","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow","volume":"21","author":"Safran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1991.14.3.100","article-title":"Rehabilitation following ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of athletes","volume":"14","author":"Seto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400503","article-title":"A\u00a0muscle-splitting approach to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow. Neuroanatomy and operative technique","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1983.4.4.217","article-title":"Measuring wrist muscle strength","volume":"4","author":"Vanswearingen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.17.6.274","article-title":"Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching","volume":"17","author":"Werner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659302100111","article-title":"The strength characteristics of internal and external rotator muscles in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"21","author":"Wilk","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100206","article-title":"Valgus extension overload in the pitching elbow","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505279921","article-title":"Elbow range of motion in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy in Sport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1466853X1100071X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1466853X1100071X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T12:51:03Z","timestamp":1560516663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1466853X1100071X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1466853X1100071X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2011.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1466-853X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1466-853X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}