{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:25:50Z","timestamp":1793816750189,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K12AR084233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12AR084233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physical Therapy in Sport"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:43:22Z","timestamp":1789055002000},"page":"101981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lower limb strength, flexibility, and running biomechanics in adolescents with and without Osgood-Schlatter disease: comparisons by sex"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra F.","family":"DeJong Lempke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1612-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William P.","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s004020100285","article-title":"Ultrasonography as a diagnostic modality in Osgood-Schlatter disease: A clinical study and review of the literature","volume":"121","author":"Blankstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.10.011","article-title":"Knee flexor strength and rate of torque development deficits in women with patellofemoral pain are related to poor objective function","volume":"83","author":"Briani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20100526-16","article-title":"Adolescent patellofemoral pain: A review of evidence for the role of lower extremity biomechanics and core instability","volume":"33","author":"Carry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-017-0479-7","article-title":"Treatment of Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease: Review of the literature","volume":"101","author":"Circi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510383835","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of Osgood-schlatter syndrome in a population-based sample of Brazilian adolescents","volume":"39","author":"de Lucena","year":"2011","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2023.09.005","article-title":"Adolescent and young adult hip and knee strength profiles relate to running gait biomechanics","volume":"64","author":"DeJong Lempke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physical Therapy in Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.05.025","article-title":"Biomechanical running gait assessments across prevalent adolescent musculoskeletal injuries","volume":"96","author":"DeJong Lempke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2023.04.001","article-title":"Quality of life in adolescents with longstanding non-traumatic knee pain: An analysis of 316 adolescents with patellofemoral pain and Osgood-Schlatter disease","volume":"61","author":"Djurtoft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physical Therapy in Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib9","first-page":"23","article-title":"Osgood Schlatter's disease - A burst in young football players","volume":"2","author":"Domingues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2021.08.001","article-title":"Muscle stiffness of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis in children with Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease","volume":"32","author":"Enomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Knee"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2016.11.003","article-title":"Video-based assessment of foot strike pattern and step rate is valid and reliable in runners with patellofemoral pain","volume":"29","author":"Esculier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physical Therapy in Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.4.344","article-title":"Normative and critical criteria for iliotibial band and iliopsoas muscle flexibility","volume":"45","author":"Ferber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Athletic Training"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.06.003","article-title":"Exploring overweight and obesity beyond body mass index: A body composition analysis in people with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"12","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Health Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1859-8","article-title":"Musculoskeletal extremity pain in Danish school children\u2013how often and for how long? The CHAMPS study-DK","volume":"18","author":"Fuglkj\u00e6r","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e328013dbea","article-title":"Osgood schlatter syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Gholve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119878136","article-title":"Long-term prognosis and impact of Osgood-Schlatter disease 4 years after diagnosis: A retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Guldhammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2022.100467","article-title":"Hip strength, quadriceps strength and dynamic balance are lower in people with unilateral knee osteoarthritis compared to their non-affected limb and asymptomatic controls","volume":"26","author":"Hislop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211022239","article-title":"Is the prognosis of osgood-schlatter poorer than anticipated? A prospective cohort study with 24-month follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Holden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20190715","article-title":"Measures of hip muscle strength and rate of force development using a fixated handheld dynamometer: Intra-tester intra-day reliability of a clinical set-up","volume":"14","author":"Ish\u00f8i","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231209318","article-title":"Sex differences in knee extensor neuromuscular function in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199001000-00012","article-title":"Natural history of Osgood-Schlatter disease","volume":"10","author":"Krause","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5792\/ksrr.2016.28.1.62","article-title":"Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the patellar tendon and clinical scores in Osgood-Schlatter disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg Relat Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.21.5.405.34503","article-title":"Post hoc power analysis: An idea whose time has passed?","volume":"21","author":"Levine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060826","article-title":"The etiology and risk factors of Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Lucenti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13751","article-title":"Current management strategies in osgood schlatter: A cross\u2010sectional mixed\u2010method study","volume":"30","author":"Lyng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140822","article-title":"Assessment of lower limb muscle strength and power using hand-held and fixed dynamometry: A reliability and validity study","volume":"10","author":"Mentiplay","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-015-2270-2","article-title":"Precise risk factors for Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease","volume":"135","author":"Nakase","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib28","first-page":"A96","article-title":"Biomechanical training and pointe readiness in an adolescent female dancer with Osgood-Schlatter disease: A case report","volume":"44","author":"Neal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.03.002","article-title":"A systematic review on conservative treatment options for OSGOOD-schlatter disease","volume":"49","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physical Therapy in Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119847978","article-title":"Relationship between lower limb tightness and practice time among adolescent baseball players with symptomatic Osgood-Schlatter disease","volume":"7","author":"Omodaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6280","article-title":"Reliability of a qualitative video analysis for running","volume":"46","author":"Pipkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2003.33.11.639","article-title":"The influence of altered lower-extremity kinematics on patellofemoral joint dysfunction: A theoretical perspective","volume":"33","author":"Powers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3337","article-title":"The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: A biomechanical perspective","volume":"40","author":"Powers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-191","article-title":"High prevalence of daily and multi-site pain\u2013a cross-sectional population-based study among 3000 Danish adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Rathleff","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120911106","article-title":"Activity modification and knee strengthening for Osgood-Schlatter disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Rathleff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.8770","article-title":"Pain, sports participation, and physical function in adolescents with patellofemoral pain and Osgood-Schlatter disease: A matched cross-sectional study","volume":"50","author":"Rathleff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2016.1275820","article-title":"Compelling overuse injury incidence in youth multisport athletes","volume":"17","author":"Rejeb","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Sport Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2025.2467400","article-title":"Biomechanical alterations in Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research in Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64394-w","article-title":"Biomechanical factors associated with patellofemoral pain in children and adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Sanchis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514522393","article-title":"Pediatric sports injuries: A comparison of males versus females","volume":"42","author":"Stracciolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7090210","article-title":"Running propensities of athletes with hamstring injuries","volume":"7","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-023-07378-z","article-title":"Developmental stage and lower quadriceps flexibilities and decreased gastrocnemius flexibilities are predictive risk factors for developing Osgood\u2013Schlatter disease in adolescent male soccer players","volume":"31","author":"Takei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2016\/20753","article-title":"The correlation between knee flexion lower range of motion and osgood-schlatter's syndrome among adolescent soccer players","volume":"11","author":"Tzalach","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research"},{"issue":"7624","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"335","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118792192","article-title":"Pathogenic factors associated with Osgood-Schlatter disease in adolescent Male soccer players: A prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib46","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Association between running gait biomechanics and femoral neck bone stress injuries in female runners","volume":"17","author":"Whitney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacy Management R"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.34.327","article-title":"Running gait biomechanics in female runners with sacroiliac joint pain","volume":"34","author":"Whitney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy in Sport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1466853X26001021?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1466853X26001021?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:40:39Z","timestamp":1793814039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1466853X26001021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1466853X26001021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1466-853X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1466-853X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lower limb strength, flexibility, and running biomechanics in adolescents with and without Osgood-Schlatter disease: comparisons by sex","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Physical Therapy in Sport","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2026.101981","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101981"}}