{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:13:58Z","timestamp":1781763238954,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T23:48:09Z","timestamp":1596930489000},"page":"63-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Invasive group A streptococcal infections in North West England: epidemiology, risk factors and fatal infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Blagden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.Q.","family":"Verlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pegorie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib1","series-title":"Group A streptococcal infections: guidance and data","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib2","series-title":"Invasive group A streptococcal disease (iGAS)","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.020745","article-title":"Invasive group A streptococcal disease: risk factors for adults","volume":"9","author":"Factor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib4","series-title":"Public Health England. Hot TOPICS. The why, where & who of invasive Group A streptococcal infections","author":"Ready","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib5","series-title":"M\u00a0Protein Gene (emm) typing","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib6","series-title":"Invasive group A streptococcal disease: managing close contacts","year":"2008"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.19.30532","article-title":"Household transmission of invasive group A Streptococcus infections in England: a population-based study, 2009, 2011 to 2013","volume":"22","author":"Mearkle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib8","series-title":"Group A streptococcal infections: first report of seasonal activity 2018\/19","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.181518","article-title":"Increased risk for invasive group A Streptococcus disease for household contacts of scarlet fever cases, England, 2011\u20132016","volume":"25","author":"Watts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib10","series-title":"The streptococcal proteome--Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations","author":"Ferretti","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib11","series-title":"Group A streptococcal infections: activity during the 2017\/18 season","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib12","series-title":"Group A streptococcal infections: activity during the 2018 to 2019 season","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196944","article-title":"Both localized and systemic bacterial infections are predicted by injection drug use: a prospective follow-up study in Swedish criminal justice clients","volume":"13","author":"Dahlman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3109\/00952991003592311","article-title":"Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, Colorado","volume":"36","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.209-219.2003","article-title":"Microbial infections, immunomodulation, and drugs of abuse","volume":"16","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","article-title":"Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib17","series-title":"Changing patterns of substance misuse in adult prisons and service responses","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib18","series-title":"Accommodation, homelessness and reoffending of prisoners: results from the surveying prisoner crime reduction (SPCR) survey","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib19","first-page":"354","article-title":"Interim UK guidelines for management of close contacts of invasive group A streptococcal disease","volume":"7","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comm Dis Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib20","series-title":"Estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, scotland and northern Ireland","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02076.x","article-title":"Epidemic of severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections in injecting drug users in the UK, 2003\u20132004","volume":"14","author":"Lamagni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00070-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in France in 2007","volume":"49","author":"Lepoutre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib23","series-title":"Strep A outbreak: independent investigation launched","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180757","article-title":"Epidemiology and distribution of 10 superantigens among invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Germany from 2009 to 2014","volume":"12","author":"Im\u00f6hl","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"642","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X683365","article-title":"Managing physical health problems in people who inject drugs","volume":"66","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-2-6","article-title":"Use of the femoral vein ('groin injecting') by a sample of needle exchange clients in Bristol, UK","volume":"2","author":"Maliphant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib27","series-title":"Understanding leg ulceration associated with intravenous drug use","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib28","series-title":"Shooting Up: infections among people who inject drugs in the UK, 2016","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib29","first-page":"422","article-title":"Invasive group A streptococcal infection in injecting drug users and non-drug users in a single UK city","volume":"54","author":"Curtis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00059","article-title":"Prevalent emm types among invasive GAS in Europe and North America since year 2000","volume":"6","author":"Gherardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6808a5","article-title":"Notes from the field: identifying risk behaviors for invasive group A Streptococcus infections among persons who inject drugs and persons experiencing homelessness\u2014New Mexico, may 2018","volume":"68","author":"Valenciano","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib32","first-page":"435","article-title":"Genomic sequencing of a national emm66 group A streptococci (GAS) outbreak among people who inject drugs and the homeless community in England and Wales, January 2016\u2013May 2017","volume":"79","author":"Bubba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.3.30446","article-title":"Ongoing outbreak of invasive and non-invasive disease due to group A Streptococcus (GAS) type emm66 among homeless and people who inject drugs in England and Wales, January to December 2016","volume":"22","author":"Bundle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib34","series-title":"Statistics on drug misuse, England, 2018","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib35","series-title":"Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales Statistical bulletins","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib36","series-title":"United Kingdom country report","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib37","series-title":"Shooting Up: infections amongst people who inject drugs in the UK, 2017","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib38","series-title":"Shooting Up: infections among people who inject drugs in the UK, 2018","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000224707.24392.52","article-title":"Group A streptococcal infections in injection drug users in Barcelona, Spain: epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic analysis of 3 clusters of cases from 2000 to 2003","volume":"85","author":"Sierra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib40","article-title":"Homelessness and public health","volume":"360","author":"Fransham","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib41","series-title":"Deaths of homeless people in England and Wales \u2013 local authority estimates: 2013 to 2017","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib42","series-title":"Rough sleeping statistics autumn 2018, England (revised)","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1086\/521264","article-title":"The epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infection and potential vaccine implications: United States, 2000\u20132004","volume":"45","author":"O'Loughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20443","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2013.18.14.20443","article-title":"Increased incidence of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, January 2012\u2013February 2013","volume":"18","author":"Darenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1143","article-title":"The path to group A Streptococcus vaccines: world health organization research and development technology roadmap and preferred product characteristics","volume":"69","author":"Vekemans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198658","article-title":"Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a group A streptococcus vaccine candidate (MJ8VAX) in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Sekuloski","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350620302432?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350620302432?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:33:07Z","timestamp":1758501187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350620302432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0033350620302432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Invasive group A streptococcal infections in North West England: epidemiology, risk factors and fatal infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}