{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:52:17Z","timestamp":1789523537174,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIMHD RADx-Up 1U01MD017419-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMHD RADx-Up 1U01MD017419-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2U54GM104942-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U54GM104942-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T03:27:16Z","timestamp":1663644436000},"page":"21-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["If you build it, will they come? Is test site availability a root cause of geographic disparities in COVID-19 testing?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"216","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6682-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.S.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7594-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Dotson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Kimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-1656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Khodaverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Halasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Hodder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib1","article-title":"Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00360-w","article-title":"Testing at scale during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Mercer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24115-7","article-title":"Association of social distancing and face mask use with risk of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-4096","article-title":"Effect of timing of and adherence to social distancing measures on COVID-19 burden in the United States: a simulation modeling approach","volume":"174","author":"Alagoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00818","article-title":"Community Use of Face Masks and COVID-19: evidence from A Natural Experiment of State Mandates in the US: study examines impact on COVID-19 growth rates associated with state government mandates requiring face mask use in public","volume":"39","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259538","article-title":"Predicting increases in COVID-19 incidence to identify locations for targeted testing in West Virginia: A machine learning enhanced approach","volume":"16","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3936","article-title":"Spatial inequities in COVID-19 testing, positivity, confirmed cases, and mortality in 3 US cities: an ecological study","volume":"174","author":"Bilal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2921","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1848","article-title":"Understanding drivers of COVID-19 racial disparities: a population-level analysis of COVID-19 testing among black and white populations","volume":"73","author":"Mody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01006-7","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic heterogeneity and rural-urban disparity of COVID-19 case fatality ratio in the USA: a negative binomial and GIS-based analysis","volume":"9","author":"Iyanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6979","article-title":"Racial disparities in COVID-19 testing and outcomes: retrospective cohort study in an integrated health system","volume":"174","author":"Escobar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of internal medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2020.100355","article-title":"Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City","volume":"34","author":"Cordes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252658","article-title":"If you build it, will they come? Social, economic, and psychological determinants of COVID-19 testing decisions","volume":"16","author":"Perry","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.03.009","article-title":"Coronavirus testing disparities associated with community level deprivation, racial inequalities, and food insecurity in West Virginia","volume":"59","author":"Hendricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313","article-title":"Making neighborhood disadvantage metrics accessible: the neighborhood atlas","volume":"378","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib19","unstructured":"U.S. Census Burau \u201c2019 West Virginia Tract level Race and Ethnicity\u201d data.census.gov Accessed March 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib20","series-title":"Handbook of applied spatial analysis","article-title":"Geographically weighted regression","author":"Wheeler","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.179436","article-title":"Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: the perils of multiple testing","volume":"7","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib23","series-title":"spgwr: geographically Weighted Regression. R package version 0.6-35","author":"Bivand","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2012.26.6","article-title":"Mapping the results of local statistics: using geographically weighted regression","volume":"26","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Demogr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14811","article-title":"Confronting the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, summer 2021","volume":"326","author":"Del Rio","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib29","article-title":"Evrim oral, susanne straif-bourgeois, ariane L. Rung, and edward S. Peters. \"The effect of area deprivation on COVID-19 risk in Louisiana","volume":"15","author":"Madhav","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2021042","article-title":"Assessing the association between area deprivation index on COVID-19 prevalence: a contrast between rural and urban US jurisdictions","volume":"8","author":"Kitchen","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of race\/ethnicity, age, and area deprivation index (ADI) on COVID-19 disease early dynamics: Washington, DC case study","author":"Adjei-Fremah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.1827","article-title":"Comparison of home antigen testing with RT-PCR and viral culture during the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"182","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib33","series-title":"Oxford research encyclopedia of education","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis","author":"Mihas","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.01.040","article-title":"Qualitative research and its methods in epilepsy: contributing to an understanding of patients' lived experiences of the disease","volume":"45","author":"Rapport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586719900885","article-title":"Belt. \"Environmental needs, barriers, and facilitators for optimal healing in the postoperative process: a qualitative study of patients' lived experiences and perceptions","volume":"13","author":"Hesselink","year":"2020","journal-title":"HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350622002645?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350622002645?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:39:24Z","timestamp":1758501564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350622002645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S0033350622002645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"If you build it, will they come? Is test site availability a root cause of geographic disparities in COVID-19 testing?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.09.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}