{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:55:41Z","timestamp":1793501741407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T12:59:10Z","timestamp":1672318750000},"page":"171-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Patterns of tobacco or nicotine-based product use and their quitting behaviour among adults in India: a latent class analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"214","author":[{"given":"J.P.","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.V.","family":"Maha Lakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and tobacco use: tobacco related mortality [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/health_effects\/tobacco_related_mortality\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking\u201450 Years of progress. A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for ."},{"issue":"10292","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","author":"Reitsma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tobacco in India [internet]. [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/india\/health-topics\/tobacco#:\u223c:text=Tobacco use is a major,consumer and producer of tobacco."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib5","article-title":"Global adult tobacco survey 2016-2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internat Inst Popul Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib6","series-title":"E-Cigarette use among youth and young adults: a report of the surgeon general","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib7","series-title":"The cigarettes and other tobacco products (prohibition of advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution) Act","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihu028","article-title":"How good is compliance with smoke-free legislation in India? Results of 38 subnational surveys","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050859","article-title":"Implementation research for taking tobacco control policies to scale in India: a realist evaluation study protocol","volume":"11","author":"Hebbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-020-00898-x","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with tobacco use among men in India: findings from a nationally representative data","volume":"25","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib11","article-title":"Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey","volume":"12","author":"Rani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tobac Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114073","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use in India: evidence from recent global adult tobacco survey data","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/837804","article-title":"Socioeconomic gradients in different types of tobacco use in India: evidence from global adult tobacco survey 2009-10","volume":"2015","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib14","series-title":"Latent class and latent transition analysis: with applications in the social, behavioral and health Sciences","author":"Collins","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib15","series-title":"Poverty in the United Kingdom. Allen Lane and Penguin Books","author":"Townsend","year":"1979"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044209","article-title":"Original research: Awareness regarding the adverse effect of tobacco among adults in India: findings from secondary data analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey","volume":"11","author":"Kankaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.11060","article-title":"Intentions and attempts to quit smoking among sexual minoritized adult smokers after exposure to the tips from former smokers campaign","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib18","first-page":"S555","article-title":"Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: implications for nicotine dependence","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26235","article-title":"Nicotine dependence phenotype, time to first cigarette, and risk of head and neck cancer","volume":"117","author":"Muscat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class Analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model A Multidiscip J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510709336744","article-title":"Detecting mixtures from structural model differences using latent variable mixture modeling: a comparison of relative model fit statistics","volume":"14","author":"Henson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model A Multidiscip J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab084","article-title":"Global patterns and prevalence of dual and poly-tobacco use: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty050","article-title":"Polytobacco use and nicotine dependence symptoms among US adults, 2012-2014","volume":"20","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntv286","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of any tobacco use and dual use in six countries of the WHO South-East Asia region: findings from the demographic and health surveys","volume":"18","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00065-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"6","author":"Kendrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz143","article-title":"Mortality risks of dual- and poly-tobacco product users in the United States","volume":"191","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib27","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Of!ce on Smoking and Health. Reports of the Surgeon General. The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disea."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.04.001","article-title":"Are smokers only using cigarettes? Exploring current polytobacco use among an adult population","volume":"32","author":"Bombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/145899","article-title":"Comparison of nicotine dependence between single and multiple tobacco product users among South Korean adults","volume":"20","author":"Huh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib30","first-page":"153","article-title":"Latent class analysis of use frequencies for multiple tobacco products in US adults","author":"Mistry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty025","article-title":"Patterns of tobacco product use and correlates among adults in the population assessment of tobacco and health (path) study: a latent class Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kypriotakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.022","article-title":"Latent class Analysis to examine patterns of smoking and other tobacco products in young adult bar patrons","volume":"64","author":"Lisha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu024","article-title":"Latent classes of young adults based on use of multiple types of tobacco and nicotine products","volume":"16","author":"Erickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib34","article-title":"Changes in patterns of youth multiple tobacco and\/or e-cigarette product use in the US between 2014 and 2020: a multiple-group latent class analysis","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tobac Control"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6561","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.15.6561","article-title":"Trends of smokeless tobacco use among adults (aged 15-49 Years) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib36","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smokeless tobacco and public health: a global perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institu."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib37","first-page":"25","article-title":"Patterns of tobacco use in low and middle income countries by tobacco product and sociodemographic characteristics: nationally representative survey data from 82 countries","volume":"378","author":"Theilmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib38","first-page":"1512","article-title":"American cigarettes have become a status symbol in smoke-saturated China","volume":"152","author":"Brooks","year":"1995","journal-title":"C\u00a0Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/16.2.131","article-title":"Smoking and symbolism: children, communication and cigarettes","volume":"16","author":"Rugk\u00e5sa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_213_19","article-title":"Socio-demographic correlates of quit attempts and successful quitting among smokers in India: analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17","volume":"58","author":"Tripathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-263","article-title":"Correlates of tobacco quit attempts and cessation in the adult population of India: secondary analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009\u201310","volume":"13","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_408_19","article-title":"Willingness to quit tobacco and its correlates among Indian tobacco users\u2014findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey India, 2016\u201317","volume":"66","author":"Kar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-12-1","article-title":"Factors determining intention to quit tobacco: exploring patient responses visiting public health facilities in India","volume":"12","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib44","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Challenges in Indian women's readiness to quit smokeless tobacco use","volume":"19","author":"Schensul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev APJCP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.010","article-title":"Indicators of dependence for different types of tobacco product users: descriptive findings from Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study","volume":"178","author":"Strong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.2.181","article-title":"Comparison of the nicotine content of tobacco used in bidis and conventional cigarettes","volume":"10","author":"Malson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tobac Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12971-015-0053-8","article-title":"Assessment of nicotine dependence among smokers in Nepal: a community based cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Aryal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.220000","article-title":"Level of tobacco dependence among tobacco users in an urban slum of Puducherry: a pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Naik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fam Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.188968","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of nicotine dependence among construction site workers: a cross-sectional study in Delhi","volume":"33","author":"Parashar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3510-2","article-title":"Dependence symptoms and cessation intentions among US adult daily cigarette, cigar, and e-cigarette users, 2012-2013","volume":"16","author":"Rostron","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02852.x","article-title":"Symptoms of nicotine dependence in a cohort of Swedish youths: a comparison between smokers, smokeless tobacco users and dual tobacco users","volume":"105","author":"Post","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw028","article-title":"Risk profiles of youth single, dual, and poly tobacco users","volume":"18","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023_bib53","article-title":"Symptoms of tobacco dependence among middle and high school tobacco users: results from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey","volume":"47","author":"Apelberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350622003067?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350622003067?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:40:58Z","timestamp":1758501658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350622003067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0033350622003067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patterns of tobacco or nicotine-based product use and their quitting behaviour among adults in India: a latent class analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.10.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}