{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:02:23Z","timestamp":1791482543834,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T04:45:13Z","timestamp":1688791513000},"page":"87-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effect of recreational cannabis legalization and commercialization on substance use, mental health, and injury: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"221","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0249-7044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Carpino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Lightfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7177-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Saarela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"Cusimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-020-00018-0","article-title":"The relationship of cannabis decriminalization in Colorado and cannabis use in individuals with alcohol use disorders","volume":"2","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cannabis Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13351","article-title":"How has access to legal cannabis changed over time? An analysis of the cannabis retail market in Canada 2 years following the legalisation of recreational cannabis","volume":"41","author":"Myran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2016.1170145","article-title":"Substitution and complementarity of alcohol and cannabis: a review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Subbaraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764018801690","article-title":"Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development","volume":"64","author":"Ortiz-Medina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00129","article-title":"Cannabis use during adolescent development: susceptibility to psychiatric illness","volume":"4","author":"Chadwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107564","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of cannabis poisoning diagnosis in a national emergency department sample","volume":"204","author":"Salas-Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1318891","article-title":"Older adults' marijuana use, injuries, and emergency department visits","volume":"44","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.01.002","article-title":"Association between cannabis use and non-traffic injuries","volume":"47","author":"Barrio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.40.5\/6.07","article-title":"Surveillance from the high ground: sentinel surveillance of injuries and poisonings associated with cannabis","volume":"40","author":"Champagne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib14","author":"Beirness"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14663","article-title":"Cannabis use as a risk factor for causing motor vehicle crashes: a prospective study","volume":"114","author":"Brubacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(93)90070-D","article-title":"Alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle collision victims admitted to a regional trauma unit: demographic, injury, and crash characteristics","volume":"25","author":"Stoduto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12725","article-title":"Toxicological findings in fatal motor vehicle collisions in Ontario, Canada: a one-year study","volume":"60","author":"Woodall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib18","series-title":"Drug and alcohol crash risk: a case-control study","author":"Lacey","year":"2016"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0971","article-title":"Unintentional pediatric exposures to marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib20","first-page":"348","article-title":"Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial","volume":"46","author":"Bernal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","author":"McGuinness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.007","article-title":"Exploring the effect of Colorado's recreational marijuana policy on opioid overdose rates","volume":"185","author":"Alcocer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Publ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00428-0","article-title":"Acute cannabis intoxication in the emergency department: the effect of legalization","volume":"21","author":"Baraniecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000480","article-title":"Changes in healthcare encounter rates possibly related to cannabis or alcohol following legalization of recreational marijuana in a safety-net hospital: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"13","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addiction Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12819","article-title":"The effects of recreational marijuana legalization and dispensing on opioid mortality","volume":"58","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ Inq"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027432","article-title":"Does cannabis legalisation change healthcare utilisation? A population-based study using the healthcare cost and utilisation project in Colorado, USA","volume":"9","author":"Delling","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268718","article-title":"Associations between recreational cannabis legalization and cannabis-related emergency department visits by age, gender, and geographic status in Ontario, Canada: an interrupted time series study","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221114785","article-title":"Cannabis legalization and cannabis-related hospitalizations in Ontario, Canada","volume":"68","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304059","article-title":"Recreational cannabis legalization and opioid-related deaths in Colorado, 2000-2015","volume":"107","author":"Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.07.028","article-title":"Trends in adolescent cannabis-related hospitalizations by state legalization laws, 2008-2019","volume":"69","author":"Masonbrink","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15834","article-title":"The association between recreational cannabis legalization, commercialization and cannabis-attributable emergency department visits in Ontario, Canada: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"117","author":"Myran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.31937","article-title":"Changes in emergency department visits for cannabis hyperemesis syndrome following recreational cannabis legalization and subsequent commercialization in Ontario, Canada","volume":"5","author":"Myran","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2020.384","article-title":"Clearing the air: a study of cannabis-related presentations to urban Alberta emergency departments following legalization","volume":"22","author":"Yeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-045922","article-title":"Emergency department pediatric visits in Alberta for cannabis after legalization","volume":"148","author":"Yeung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303848","article-title":"Crash fatality rates after recreational marijuana legalization in Washington and Colorado","volume":"107","author":"Aydelotte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105284","article-title":"Fatal crashes in the 5 years after recreational marijuana legalization in Colorado and Washington","volume":"132","author":"Aydelotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109008","article-title":"Canada's cannabis legalization and drivers' traffic-injury presentations to emergency departments in Ontario and Alberta, 2015-2019","volume":"228","author":"Callaghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2020.1810246","article-title":"An examination of relationships between cannabis legalization and fatal motor vehicle and pedestrian-involved crashes","volume":"21","author":"Calvert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2022.83.494","article-title":"Changes in traffic crash rates after legalization of marijuana: results by crash severity","volume":"83","author":"Farmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12751","article-title":"Early evidence on recreational marijuana legalization and traffic fatalities","volume":"58","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ Inq"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1769","article-title":"Change in traffic fatality rates in the first 4 states to legalize recreational marijuana","volume":"180","author":"Kamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14536","article-title":"Traffic fatalities within US states that have legalized recreational cannabis sales and their neighbours","volume":"114","author":"Lane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14994","article-title":"The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay","volume":"115","author":"Nazif-Munoz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1757","article-title":"Association of recreational cannabis laws in Colorado and Washington state with changes in traffic fatalities, 2005-2017","volume":"180","author":"Santaella-Tenorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E233","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20200155","article-title":"Association between legalization of recreational cannabis and fatal motor vehicle collisions in the United States: an ecologic study","volume":"9","author":"Windle","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437211070650","article-title":"Associations between Canada's cannabis legalization and emergency department presentations for transient cannabis-induced psychosis and schizophrenia conditions: Ontario and Alberta, 2015-2019","volume":"67","author":"Callaghan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106548","article-title":"Effect of Washington State and Colorado's cannabis legalization on death by suicides","volume":"148","author":"Doucette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.52689","article-title":"State cannabis legalization and psychosis-related health care utilization","volume":"6","author":"Elser","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1955","article-title":"Evaluation of state cannabis laws and rates of self-harm and assault","volume":"4","author":"Matthay","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103685","article-title":"Impact of cannabis legalization on healthcare utilization for psychosis and schizophrenia in Colorado","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Drug Pol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Analysis of trends in the prevalence of cannabis use and related metrics in Canada","volume":"30","author":"Rotermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012_bib53","article-title":"Systematic review of the effects of cannabis retail outlets on traffic collisions, fatalities and other traffic-related outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Vingilis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Transport Health"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350623002019?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350623002019?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:41:20Z","timestamp":1758501680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350623002019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0033350623002019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effect of recreational cannabis legalization and commercialization on substance use, mental health, and injury: a systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}