{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:47:16Z","timestamp":1792511236780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016371","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008316","name":"Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T03:23:31Z","timestamp":1723605811000},"page":"173-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Timing and chronicity of child maltreatment in Germany: results from a representative sample"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"235","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5485-4691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Clemens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Jarczok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Fegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Br\u00e4hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1510278","article-title":"Association of child maltreatment subtypes and long-term physical health in a German representative sample","volume":"9","author":"Clemens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","article-title":"The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9657","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-6-35","article-title":"A\u00a0prevalence-based approach to societal costs occurring in consequence of child abuse and neglect","volume":"6","author":"Habetha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib6","series-title":"Measuring and monitoring national prevalence of child maltreatment: a practical handbook","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib7","author":"Leeb"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559505275014","article-title":"Examination of a conceptual model of child neglect","volume":"10","author":"Dubowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.e68","article-title":"The psychological maltreatment of children--technical report","volume":"109","author":"Kairys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017738726","article-title":"Child sexual abuse: toward a conceptual model and definition","volume":"20","author":"Mathews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib11","first-page":"287","article-title":"Misshandlungen in Kindheit und Jugend: Ergebnisse einer Umfrage in einer repr\u00e4sentativen Stichprobe in der deutschen Bev\u00f6lkerung","volume":"108","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-018-0232-5","article-title":"Trends in child maltreatment in Germany: comparison of two representative population-based studies","volume":"12","author":"Witt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353","article-title":"The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of meta-analyses","volume":"24","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-016-0105-8","article-title":"On the incidence and prevalence of child maltreatment: a research agenda","volume":"10","author":"Jud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.152","article-title":"New directions in research on childhood adversity","volume":"220","author":"Danese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib16","unstructured":"Jud A, Meinck F, Sachser C, Witt A, Jarczok M, Fegert J. Erhebungsinstrumente sexueller Gewalt an Kindern und Jugendlichen in Dunkelfeldstudien2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence","volume":"55","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib18","series-title":"Measuring violence against children: a COSMIN systematic review of the psychometric and administrative properties of adult retrospective self-report instruments on child abuse and neglect","author":"Steele","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.10.034","article-title":"Environmental adversities and psychotic symptoms: the impact of timing of trauma, abuse, and neglect","volume":"205","author":"Schalinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127151","article-title":"Type and timing of childhood maltreatment and severity of shutdown dissociation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Schalinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104230","article-title":"Prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador using the ICAST-R","volume":"99","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Borja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.05.004","article-title":"Physical, sexual and emotional abuse during childhood: experiences of a sample of Sri Lankan Young adults","volume":"81","author":"Chandraratne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106061","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse assessed in young adults in Lithuania","volume":"138","author":"\u017dukauskien\u0117","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw163","article-title":"Mild depressive symptoms mediate the impact of childhood trauma on long-term functional outcome in early psychosis patients","volume":"43","author":"Alameda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715000690","article-title":"Childhood sexual and physical abuse: age at exposure modulates impact on functional outcome in early psychosis patients","volume":"45","author":"Alameda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09947","article-title":"Age at the time of exposure to trauma modulates the psychopathological profile in patients with early psychosis","volume":"77","author":"Alameda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106736","article-title":"Timing, duration, and differential susceptibility to early life adversities and cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan: implications for future research","volume":"153","author":"Suglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22031","article-title":"Maltreatment exposure across childhood and low-grade inflammation: considerations of exposure type, timing, and sex differences","volume":"63","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105215","article-title":"Child maltreatment and the development of psychopathology: the role of developmental timing and chronicity","volume":"120","author":"Russotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.014","article-title":"Does developmental timing of exposure to child maltreatment predict memory performance in adulthood? Results from a large, population-based sample","volume":"51","author":"Dunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib31","series-title":"Victim, Perpetrator, or What Else? Sociological Studies of Children and Youth","first-page":"47","article-title":"The definitions are legion: academic views and Practice perspectives on violence against children","volume":"25","author":"Jud","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.08.009","article-title":"Defining maltreatment chronicity: are there differences in child outcomes?","volume":"29","author":"English","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401004084","article-title":"The timing of child physical maltreatment: a cross-domain growth analysis of impact on adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems","volume":"13","author":"Keiley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000139","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and its effect on neurocognitive functioning: timing and chronicity matter","volume":"27","author":"Cowell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920","article-title":"A\u00a0global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world","volume":"16","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s42448-024-00194-z","article-title":"The nature and scope of reported child maltreatment in euro-CAN countries: current evidence and future opportunities","author":"Jud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Child Maltreat Res Policy Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.09.005","article-title":"ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tools Retrospective version (ICAST-R): Delphi study and field testing in seven countries","volume":"33","author":"Dunne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106038","article-title":"Widening epidemiological data on the prevalence of child maltreatment: validation of the German ICAST-R in a student sample and national household survey","volume":"137","author":"Jarczok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2452","article-title":"Child maltreatment in the United States: prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences","volume":"118","author":"Hussey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000180","article-title":"Who perpetrates violence against children? A systematic analysis of age-specific and sex-specific data","volume":"2","author":"Devries","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.06.012","article-title":"Cumulative risk hypothesis: predicting and preventing child maltreatment recidivism","volume":"58","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.02.014","article-title":"Didn't we just see you? Time to recurrence among frequently encountered families in CPS","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6367-8","article-title":"Bullying and sexual abuse and their association with harmful behaviours, antidepressant use and health-related quality of life in adulthood: a population-based study in South Australia","volume":"19","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Chica","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210444000278","article-title":"Childhood amnesia in children and adolescents: their earliest memories","volume":"13","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib45","series-title":"Episodic memory across the lifespan: general trajectories and modifiers","first-page":"309","author":"Fandakova","year":"2015"},{"issue":"S6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51873","article-title":"The prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia: findings from a national survey","volume":"218","author":"Mathews","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097","article-title":"Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0880-3","article-title":"Objective and subjective experiences of child maltreatment and their relationships with psychopathology","volume":"4","author":"Danese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Human Behav"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350624002609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350624002609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T01:04:27Z","timestamp":1762218267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350624002609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0033350624002609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Timing and chronicity of child maltreatment in Germany: results from a representative sample","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.06.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}