{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:46:54Z","timestamp":1784713614831,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001036","name":"Australian Rotary Health Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2008313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T20:52:25Z","timestamp":1748033545000},"page":"105769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatio-temporal patterns of prostate-specific antigen testing in asymptomatic men: a population-based cohort study, Australia, 2002\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5535-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Kohar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.D.","family":"Baade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1621-3217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0046-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.D.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1474-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.M.","family":"Cramb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29894","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence in 43 populations worldwide: an analysis of time trends overall and by age group","volume":"138","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1514-7","article-title":"An examination of prostate cancer trends in Australia, England, Canada and USA: is the Australian death rate too high?","volume":"33","author":"Feletto","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib3","series-title":"Cancer Data in Australia","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102338","article-title":"Changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA) \"screening\" patterns by geographic region and socio-economic status in Australia: analysis of Medicare data in 50-69 year old men","volume":"83","author":"Kohar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03562.x","article-title":"It's time to depolarise the unhelpful PSA-testing debate and put into practice lessons from the two major international screening trials","volume":"192","author":"Denham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib7","series-title":"Guidelines for Preventive Activities in General Practice","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.01.039","article-title":"Spatial patterns of prostate-specific antigen testing in asymptomatic men across Australia: a population-based cohort study, 2017-2018","volume":"217","author":"Kohar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib10","series-title":"Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations of Sex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib15","article-title":"1270.0.55.001 - Australian statistical geography standard (ASGS)","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660420","article-title":"A model to estimate the impact of changes in MMR vaccine uptake on inequalities in measles susceptibility in Scotland","volume":"25","author":"Napier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"17-18","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20000915\/30)19:17\/18<2555::AID-SIM587>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Bayesian modelling of inseparable space-time variation in disease risk","volume":"19","author":"Knorr-Held","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib18","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib19","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v084.i09","article-title":"Spatio-temporal areal unit modeling in R with conditional autoregressive priors using the CARBayesST package","volume":"84","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020146","article-title":"A comparison of spatio-temporal disease mapping approaches including an application to ischaemic heart disease in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153299","article-title":"General practitioners' experiences of, and responses to, uncertainty in prostate cancer screening: insights from a qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"Pickles","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006367","article-title":"Doctors' approaches to PSA testing and overdiagnosis in primary healthcare: a qualitative study","volume":"5","author":"Pickles","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmac126","article-title":"General practitioners' views and experiences of communicating with older people about cancer screening: a qualitative study","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1071\/PY13078","article-title":"Prostate cancer testing: a snapshot of the attitudes and practice of Australian general practitioners","volume":"21","author":"Crowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust J Prim Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-08-22-6509","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer: time to reconsider the approach to screening","volume":"52","author":"Rashid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Australian J General Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib27","series-title":"Prostate Cancer Doctors Call for Changes to Screening Guidelines over Fears about Undetected Cases","author":"Timms","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-0819-8","article-title":"Prostate cancer screening in Primary Health Care: the current state of affairs","volume":"4","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"7473","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib29","article-title":"Evidence based guidelines or collectively constructed \"mindlines?\" Ethnographic study of knowledge management in primary care","volume":"329","author":"Gabbay","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011932","article-title":"Doctors' perspectives on PSA testing illuminate established differences in prostate cancer screening rates between Australia and the UK: a qualitative study","volume":"6","author":"Pickles","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12998","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of general practitioners' ordering of \"non-symptomatic\" prostate-specific antigen tests: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"71","author":"Magin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-388","article-title":"A comparison of US and Australian men's values and preferences for PSA screening","volume":"13","author":"Howard","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188258","article-title":"Men's perspectives of prostate cancer screening: a systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"12","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005691","article-title":"Deliberative democracy and cancer screening consent: a randomised control trial of the effect of a community jury on men's knowledge about and intentions to participate in PSA screening","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"641","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e845","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X687649","article-title":"Association of GPs' risk attitudes, level of empathy, and burnout status with PSA testing in primary care","volume":"65","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065220","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes towards prostate cancer and screening among males in limpopo province, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Maladze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.151.10605","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and screening practices regarding prostatic diseases among men older than 40 years: a population-based study in Southwest Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Ojewola","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Pan African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186332","article-title":"Prostate cancer screening: knowledge, attitudes and practices in a sample of men in Italy. A survey","volume":"12","author":"Morlando","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019041","volume":"8","author":"Hajati","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003335062500215X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003335062500215X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:21:31Z","timestamp":1778703691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003335062500215X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S003335062500215X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatio-temporal patterns of prostate-specific antigen testing in asymptomatic men: a population-based cohort study, Australia, 2002\u20132018","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105769","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105769"}}