{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:03:33Z","timestamp":1784181813065,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/W00349X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/W00349X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:26:29Z","timestamp":1762302389000},"page":"105979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spatial immobility and the dynamics of loneliness, social capital, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"249","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3412-2431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Laurence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib1","article-title":"Two pandemic years greatly reduced young people's life satisfaction: evidence from a comparison with pre-COVID-19 panel data","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Socio Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51854-6","article-title":"Residential mobility restrictions and adverse mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005048","article-title":"The mental health impact of COVID-19 and lockdown-related stressors among adults in the UK","volume":"52","author":"Chandola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01739-0","article-title":"Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences\u2014results of a representative survey in Germany","volume":"31","author":"Calvano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcad017","article-title":"What buffered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression? A longitudinal study of caregivers of school aged children in Ireland","volume":"40","author":"Laurence","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Socio Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.1.119","article-title":"Developing and testing a model of loneliness","volume":"53","author":"de Jong-Gierveld","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02261-7","article-title":"Loneliness and the onset of new mental health problems in the general population","volume":"57","author":"Mann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-216690","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health","volume":"76","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12413","article-title":"Perceived changes in social contact during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers Relatsh"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023120985254","article-title":"Social networks and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Kovacs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socius"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2011.613875","article-title":"The prevalence of loneliness among adults: a case study of the United Kingdom","volume":"146","author":"Victor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-03-2016-0013","article-title":"Relationship between loneliness and mental health in students","volume":"16","author":"Richardson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Publ Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140","article-title":"Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"21","author":"Cacioppo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib14","series-title":"Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community","author":"Putnam","year":"2000"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029678","article-title":"Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"De Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib16","series-title":"Loneliness - What characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely? Office for National Statistics, UK","author":"Pyle","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3248-x","article-title":"The association between social capital and loneliness in different age groups: a population-based study in Western Finland","volume":"16","author":"Nyqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-216690","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health","volume":"76","author":"Emily","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114361","article-title":"Individual and community social capital, mobility restrictions, and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multilevel analysis of a representative US survey","volume":"287","author":"Laurence","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12457","article-title":"Collectively coping with coronavirus: local community identification predicts giving support and lockdown adherence during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"60","author":"Stevenson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daab098","article-title":"Community engagement in deprived neighbourhoods during the COVID-19 crisis: perspectives for more resilient and healthier communities","volume":"37","author":"Den Broeder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2023.103022","article-title":"Pre-COVID-19 cognitive social capital and peri-COVID-19 depression: a prospective cohort study on the contextual moderating effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, 2016\u20132020","volume":"82","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465251368341","article-title":"Did social capital protect mental health from social mixing restrictions and spatial immobility during the COVID-19 pandemic? A longitudinal analysis of Individual- and contextual-level local social capital","author":"Laurence","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.08.009","article-title":"Increases in loneliness among young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and Association with increases in mental health problems","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib25","series-title":"Sample Design for Understanding Society Institute for Social and Economic Research","author":"Lynn","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib26","series-title":"Understanding Society COVID-19 User Guide. Institute for Social and Economic Research","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004242","article-title":"The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care","volume":"27","author":"Goldberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib28","series-title":"Data From: Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X20930984","article-title":"Feologit: a new command for fitting fixed-effects ordered logit models","volume":"20","author":"Baetschmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"STATA J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","article-title":"Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health","volume":"52","author":"Thoits","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.008","article-title":"The 2008 financial crisis: changes in social capital and its association with psychological wellbeing in the United Kingdom - a panel study","volume":"153","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0698-7","article-title":"Displacement, county social cohesion, and depression after a large-scale traumatic event","volume":"48","author":"L\u00ea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764214550299","article-title":"Social capital and community resilience","volume":"59","author":"Aldrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350625004251?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350625004251?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:06:55Z","timestamp":1784178415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350625004251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0033350625004251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spatial immobility and the dynamics of loneliness, social capital, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.105979","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105979"}}