{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T21:03:54Z","timestamp":1784667834784,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:42:15Z","timestamp":1778204535000},"page":"106264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Non-sexual transmission modes of human papillomavirus in women: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Jalali Chimeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azam","family":"Amirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Aghahosseinshirazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahrokh","family":"Dolatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Simbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0346-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedyeh","family":"Riazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200114100553","article-title":"Burden and prevention of HPV. knowledge, practices and attitude assessment among pre-adolescents and their parents in Italy","volume":"26","author":"Icardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib2","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib3","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30459-9","article-title":"Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV","volume":"9","author":"Stelzle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib5","first-page":"2","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of genital human papillomavirus infection","volume":"106","author":"Weaver","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Osteopath Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.04.023","article-title":"Cross-roads in the classification of papillomaviruses","volume":"445","author":"de Villiers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2024.1408198","article-title":"Role of the epithelium in human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections in the female genital tract","volume":"6","author":"Sibeko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.06.083","article-title":"The biology and life-cycle of human papillomaviruses","volume":"30","author":"Doorbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.03.033","article-title":"Classification of papillomaviruses","volume":"324","author":"De Villiers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-137","article-title":"Detection of specific HPV subtypes responsible for the pathogenesis of condylomata acuminata","volume":"10","author":"Hawkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1634030","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"40","author":"Okunade","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib12","article-title":"HPV cancer burden by anatomical site, country, and region in 2022","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121413","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kamolratanakul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03595-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of motivational interview on psychological distress of women with human papilloma virus: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Galeshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03627-0","article-title":"Impact of HPV test results and emotional responses on psychosocial burden among Taiwanese women: a cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adaptation of patients diagnosed with human papillomavirus: a grounded theory study","volume":"18","author":"Nick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053756","article-title":"Human papillomavirus DNA detected in fingertip, oral and bathroom samples from unvaccinated adolescent girls in Tanzania","volume":"95","author":"Houlihan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00830.x","article-title":"Anogenital human papillomavirus in non\u2010abused preschool children","volume":"92","author":"Myhre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066368","article-title":"Risk of vertical transmission of human papillomavirus throughout pregnancy: a prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-80","article-title":"Rate of vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from mothers to infants: relationship between infection rate and mode of delivery","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1990.tb03223.x","article-title":"Is genital human papillomavirus infection always sexually transmitted?","volume":"30","author":"Sun\u2010Kuie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051977","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination of gynaecological equipment","volume":"92","author":"Gallay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13248","article-title":"Possible non\u2010sexual modes of transmission of human papilloma virus","volume":"43","author":"Sabeena","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit066","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vertical transmission: review of current data","volume":"56","author":"Freitas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2005000400003","article-title":"Vertical transmission of the human papillomavirus: a systematic quantitative review","volume":"21","author":"Medeiros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462320002135","article-title":"Systematic review search methods evaluated using the preferred reporting of items for systematic reviews and Meta-analyses and the risk of Bias in systematic reviews tool","volume":"37","author":"de Kock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000786","article-title":"Appraising the quality of medical education research methods: the medical education research study quality instrument and the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale-education","volume":"90","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-016-0722-0","article-title":"Incidence of human papillomavirus contamination of transvaginal probes in Japan and possible contamination prevention strategy","volume":"43","author":"Kuwata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Ultrason"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.04.001","article-title":"Front-to-back & dabbing wiping behaviour post-toilet associated with anal neoplasia & HR-HPV carriage in women with previous HPV-mediated gynaecological neoplasia","volume":"42","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_188_18","article-title":"Prevalence and nonsexual transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV) in the adolescence girls from rural area of Maharashtra state, India","volume":"55","author":"Budukh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20268","article-title":"Transvaginal ultrasound probes are human papillomavirus\u2010free following low\u2010level disinfection: cross\u2010sectional multicenter survey","volume":"54","author":"Lucet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054012","article-title":"HPV prevalence around the time of sexual debut in adolescent girls in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Baisley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2024.8137","article-title":"The association between pubic and external genitalia hair removal by laser devices and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection","volume":"13","author":"Sayyah-Melli","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Women's Health & Reproduction Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.08.010","article-title":"Genital HPV in children and adolescents: does sexual activity make a difference?","volume":"29","author":"Bacopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.10.248","article-title":"The incidence of human papillomavirus in Tanzanian adolescent girls before reported sexual debut","volume":"58","author":"Houlihan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30655-8","article-title":"Hand-to-genital and genital-to-genital transmission of human papillomaviruses between male and female sexual partners (HITCH): a prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Malag\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15089","article-title":"Penises not required: a systematic review of the potential for human papillomavirus horizontal transmission that is non-sexual or does not include penile penetration","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.2478\/s11536-011-0042-0","article-title":"High-risk hpv infection in sexually active and non active young women","volume":"6","author":"Bumbuliene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(03)00048-X","article-title":"Human papillomavirus in virgins and behaviour at risk","volume":"194","author":"Frega","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967118","article-title":"Possible non-sexual transmission of genital human papillomavirus infections in young women","volume":"12","author":"Pao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis775","article-title":"High frequency of human papillomavirus detection in the vagina before first vaginal intercourse among females enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"207","author":"Shew","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf180","article-title":"Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students","volume":"157","author":"Winer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000362","article-title":"Epidemiology of human papillomavirus detected in the oral cavity and fingernails of mid-adult women","volume":"42","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib44","first-page":"888","article-title":"Transmission of human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples","volume":"14","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.5.317","article-title":"Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts","volume":"75","author":"Sonnex","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit018","article-title":"Concordance and transmission of human papillomavirus within heterosexual couples observed over short intervals","volume":"207","author":"Widdice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0226","article-title":"Detection of genital HPV types in fingertip samples from newly sexually active female university students","volume":"19","author":"Winer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101932","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy and childhood: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Ardekani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib49","series-title":"A Risk for Non-sexual Transmission of Human Papillomavirus?","first-page":"1165","author":"Ryndock","year":"2014"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051558","article-title":"A study of human papillomavirus on vaginally inserted sex toys, before and after cleaning, among women who have sex with women and men","volume":"90","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048137","article-title":"High risk HPV contamination of endocavity vaginal ultrasound probes: an underestimated route of nosocomial infection?","volume":"7","author":"Casalegno","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201407","article-title":"Transvaginal ultrasound probe contamination by the human papillomavirus in the emergency department","volume":"30","author":"Christine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1086\/649794","article-title":"Evaluation of ultraviolet C for disinfection of endocavitary ultrasound transducers persistently contaminated despite probe covers","volume":"31","author":"Kac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093368","article-title":"Persistence of microbial contamination on transvaginal ultrasound probes despite low-level disinfection procedure","volume":"9","author":"M'Zali","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549609027165","article-title":"Transmission of genital human papillomavirus infections is unlikely through the floor and seats of humid dwellings in countries of high-level hygiene","volume":"28","author":"Puranen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350626001332?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033350626001332?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:41:00Z","timestamp":1784666460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033350626001332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0033350626001332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3506","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Non-sexual transmission modes of human papillomavirus in women: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2026.106264","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106264"}}