{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:05:41Z","timestamp":1789002341596,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIEHS D43 TW010540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIEHS D43 TW010540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health in Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T19:29:09Z","timestamp":1750879749000},"page":"100631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A systematic review of the pivotal role of environmental toxicant exposure on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehnuma","family":"Haque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Shariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6548-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Zamiur","family":"Rahaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Afrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7432-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sristi","family":"Shome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahbubur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Moshfiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8702-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KM","family":"Saif-Ur-Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubhana","family":"Raqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib1","article-title":"Pollution and health: a progress update","volume":"6","author":"Fuller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2010.09.004","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and the developing immune system: a missing link in the global battle against infectious disease?","volume":"31","author":"Winans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol Elmsford N [Internet]"},{"issue":"10258","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib4","article-title":"Environmental impacts on infectious disease: a literature view of epidemiological evidence","volume":"88","author":"Sly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002265","article-title":"Arsenic exposure in pregnancy increases the risk of lower respiratory tract infection and diarrhea during infancy in Bangladesh","volume":"119","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.023","article-title":"Cross sectional association of arsenic and seroprevalence of hepatitis B infection in the United States (NHANES 2003\u20132014)","volume":"166","author":"Cardenas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib7","first-page":"391","article-title":"Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds","volume":"307","author":"Grandjean","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA [Internet]"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058927","article-title":"Pivotal role of environmental toxicants on developing infectious diseases in LMICs: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Sarah","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib9","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib10","article-title":"Covidence - better systematic review management [Internet]","year":"2021","journal-title":"Covidence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib12","article-title":"Prioritization and sequential exclusion of articles in systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Saif\u2010Ur\u2010Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Campbell Syst Rev [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.09.016","article-title":"Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib14","year":"2020","journal-title":"[Internet]. Our World in Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-102","article-title":"PM2.5 in Beijing \u2013 temporal pattern and its association with influenza","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03018-14","article-title":"Air pollution particulate matter alters antimycobacterial respiratory epithelium innate immunity","volume":"83","author":"Rivas-Santiago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun [Internet]"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0236-3","article-title":"Trace elements in blood samples of smoker and nonsmoker active pulmonary tuberculosis patients from Jamshoro, Pakistan","volume":"24","author":"Memon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.056","article-title":"Kitchen PM2.5 concentrations and child acute lower respiratory infection in Bhaktapur, Nepal: the importance of fuel type","volume":"161","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.30442\/ahr.0401-1-10","article-title":"Blood levels of some toxic metals in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1- infection","volume":"4","author":"Emokpae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27024-w","article-title":"Times series analysis of age-specific tuberculosis at a rapid developing region in China, 2011\u20132016","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.333","article-title":"Ambient carbon monoxide and increased risk of daily hospital outpatient visits for respiratory diseases in Dongguan, China","volume":"668","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1117-8","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and respiratory mortality in Xi\u2019an, China: a time-series analysis","volume":"20","author":"Mokoena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2019.01.012","article-title":"Associations of short-term exposure to air pollution with respiratory hospital admissions in Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"123","author":"Dastoorpoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2019054","article-title":"Effects of chelating agents on heavy metals in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) patients","volume":"16","author":"Aslam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.07.003","article-title":"Climate and air pollution alter incidence of tuberculosis in Beijing, China","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-0564-5","article-title":"Association of PM2.5 concentration with health center outpatient visits for respiratory diseases of children under 5 years old in Lima, Peru","volume":"19","author":"Davila Cordova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.04.010","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro inflammatory responses to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from China and California","volume":"328","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett [Internet]"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244074","article-title":"Toward an early warning system for health issues related to particulate matter exposure in Brazil: the feasibility of using global PM2.5 concentration forecast products","volume":"12","author":"Roux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2020.1793919","article-title":"Association of climate factors and air pollutants with pneumonia incidence in Lampang province, Thailand: findings from a 12-year longitudinal study","volume":"32","author":"Ruchiraset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.07.0413","article-title":"Long-term Air Pollution Exposure Impact on COVID-19 Morbidity in China","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib30","article-title":"Associations between air pollution and COVID-19 epidemic during quarantine period in China","volume":"268","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib31","article-title":"Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on the incidence of influenza in Wuhan, China: a time-series analysis","volume":"192","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00647-w","article-title":"Spatio-temporal co-occurrence of hotspots of tuberculosis, poverty and air pollution in Lima, Peru","volume":"9","author":"Carrasco-Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty [Internet]"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13118-y","article-title":"Acute effects of particulate matter with different sizes on respiratory mortality in Shenzhen, China","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib34","article-title":"Association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and long-term exposure to air pollution: evidence from the first epidemic wave in China","volume":"276","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut [Internet]"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50554","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14159-z","article-title":"Associations of acute exposure to airborne pollutants with COVID-19 infection: evidence from China","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.768","article-title":"COVID-19 and its relationship to particulate matter pollution \u2013 case study from part of greater Chennai, India","volume":"43","author":"Laxmipriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Today Proc [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib37","article-title":"Influence of air pollution and meteorological factors on the spread of COVID-19 in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and air quality during the outbreak","volume":"197","author":"Sangkham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49989","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14168-y","article-title":"Particulate matter concentrations and their association with COVID-19-related mortality in Mexico during June 2020 Saharan dust event","volume":"28","author":"Kutralam-Muniasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40474","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12709-z","article-title":"Significance between air pollutants, meteorological factors, and COVID-19 infections: probable evidences in India","volume":"28","author":"Sahoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib40","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability of COVID-19 pandemic in relation to air pollution, climate and socioeconomic factors in Pakistan","volume":"271","author":"Mehmood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib41","article-title":"The link between COVID-19 mortality and PM2.5 emissions in rural and medium-size municipalities considering population density, dust events, and wind speed","volume":"286","author":"P\u00e1ez-Osuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib42","article-title":"Associations between ambient fine particulate matter and child respiratory infection: the role of particulate matter source composition in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"290","author":"Sherris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2021-0007","article-title":"Environmental and climatic impact on the infection and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru","volume":"32","author":"Samillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib44","article-title":"Particulate matter (PM2.5) as a potential SARS-CoV-2 carrier","volume":"11","author":"Nor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep [Internet]"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39648","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13408-5","article-title":"PM10 correlates with COVID-19 infections 15 days later in Arequipa, Peru","volume":"28","author":"Wannaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13834-5","article-title":"Association between environmental factors and COVID-19 in Shanghai, China","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9617","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189617","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 exposure and respiratory disease hospitalization in kandy, Sri Lanka","volume":"18","author":"Priyankara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101687","article-title":"Effect of environmental pollutants PM2.5, CO, O3 and NO2, on the incidence and mortality of SARS-COV-2 in largest metropolitan cities, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata, India","volume":"34","author":"Meo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27757","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12621-6","article-title":"Effect of ambient air pollution on tuberculosis risks and mortality in Shandong, China: a multi-city modeling study of the short- and long-term effects of pollutants","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib50","article-title":"Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: findings from a post hoc analysis","volume":"21","author":"Vasquez-Apestegui","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib51","article-title":"Effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological factors on the daily confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Bangkok during 2020\u20132021, Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Sangkham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud Chem Environ Eng [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib52","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and childhood pneumonia: the smaller particle, the greater short-term impact?","volume":"772","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib53","article-title":"Changes in temporal pattern and spatial distribution of environmental pollutants in 8 Asian countries owing to COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"308","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib54","article-title":"Effects of long-term ambient air pollution exposure on township-level pulmonary tuberculosis notification rates during 2005\u20132017 in Ningxia, China","volume":"317","author":"Popovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut [Internet]"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib55","first-page":"9054","article-title":"Public health in Global South: effect of environmental pollutant PM2.5 on the incidence and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad","volume":"26","author":"Meo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13040578","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollutants and pneumonia in wuhan, China, 2014\u20132017","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib57","article-title":"Three exposure metrics for fine particulate matter associated with outpatient visits for acute lower respiratory infection among children in Guangzhou, China","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19094989","article-title":"Relationship between meteorological and air quality parameters and COVID-19 in Casablanca region, Morocco","volume":"19","author":"Khalis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15654-z","article-title":"Risk of mortality due to COVID-19 and air pollution in Pakistan","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib60","first-page":"341","article-title":"Air pollution-related respiratory diseases and associated environmental factors in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2011\u20132020","volume":"7","author":"Jainonthee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2023057005134","article-title":"The potential impact of PM2.5 on the covid-19 crisis in the Brazilian Amazon region","volume":"57","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14010005","article-title":"Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Damasceno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib63","article-title":"Association between PM2.5-bound metals and pediatric respiratory health in Guangzhou: an ecological study investigating source, health risk, and effect","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib64","article-title":"Association between long-term air pollution exposure and COVID-19 mortality in Latin America. Z\u00faniga-Gonz\u00e1lez CA","volume":"18","author":"Bonilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-023-02524-1","article-title":"Association of air pollutants and meteorological factors with tuberculosis: a national multicenter ecological study in China","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib66","article-title":"Lagging effects and prediction of pollutants and their interaction modifiers on influenza in northeastern China","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib67","article-title":"Impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases in typical industrial city in the North China plain","volume":"15","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib68","article-title":"Spatial spillover effect of environmental factors on the tuberculosis occurrence among the elderly: a surveillance analysis for nearly a dozen years in eastern China","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13319-5","article-title":"Association between air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from data at national and municipal levels","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib70","article-title":"On fine particulate matter and COVID-19 spread and severity: an in vitro toxicological plausible mechanism","volume":"179","author":"Marchetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Int [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib71","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mediated endothelial dysfunction: the potential role of chronic oxidative stress","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib72","article-title":"Association between PM2.5-bound metals and pediatric respiratory health in Guangzhou: an ecological study investigating source, health risk, and effect","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-102","article-title":"PM2.5 in Beijing \u2013 temporal pattern and its association with influenza","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Air pollution and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901866","article-title":"A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm","volume":"118","author":"Feingold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib76","article-title":"Pivotal relationship between heavy metal, PM2.5 exposures and tuberculosis in Bangladeshi children: protocol paper of a case\u2013control study","volume":"14","author":"Haque","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib77","series-title":"Environmental Health Indicators: Framework and Methodologies","author":"Briggs","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.768","article-title":"COVID-19 and its relationship to particulate matter pollution \u2013 case study from part of greater Chennai, India","volume":"43","author":"Laxmipriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107835","article-title":"A global review of the state of the evidence of household air pollution's contribution to ambient fine particulate matter and their related health impacts","volume":"173","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.056","article-title":"Kitchen PM2.5 concentrations and child acute lower respiratory infection in Bhaktapur, Nepal: the importance of fuel type","volume":"161","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib81","series-title":"Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials [Internet]","first-page":"35","article-title":"Chapter two - oxidative stress, inflammation, and disease","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.09.001","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the lung \u2013 the essential paradox","volume":"7","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.03018-14","article-title":"Air pollution particulate matter alters antimycobacterial respiratory epithelium innate immunity","volume":"83","author":"Rivas-Santiago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib84","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and tuberculosis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"277","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere [Internet]"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074288","article-title":"Potential health impacts of heavy metals on HIV-infected population in USA","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.110-1241197","article-title":"Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air","volume":"110","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2023.2185004","article-title":"Heavy metals and inflammatory, oxidative\/antioxidant and DNA damage biomarkers among people living with HIV\/AIDS (PLWHA) in Niger Delta, Nigeria","volume":"58","author":"Folorunso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A"}],"container-title":["Public Health in Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666535225000503?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666535225000503?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:49:46Z","timestamp":1777103386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666535225000503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S2666535225000503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5352","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A systematic review of the pivotal role of environmental toxicant exposure on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Public Health in Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhip.2025.100631","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100631"}}