{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:36:42Z","timestamp":1773297402727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca PLC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pulmonary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T03:52:03Z","timestamp":1619754723000},"page":"102035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Endothelin antagonism and sodium glucose Co-transporter 2 inhibition. A potential combination therapeutic strategy for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Fisk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Althage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Moosmang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Greasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Cope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David RW.","family":"Jayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian B.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Ambery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Cheriyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib1","author":"John Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1286","article-title":"Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system","volume":"5","author":"Madjid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0398-3","article-title":"Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Pezzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0413-9","article-title":"COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Nishiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib7","series-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation Report-46. World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib8","first-page":"ciaa1268","article-title":"Patient characteristics and outcomes of 11,721 patients with COVID19 hospitalized across the United States","author":"Fried","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib9","article-title":"StopCOVID cohort: an observational study of 3,480 patients admitted to the Sechenov University hospital network in Moscow city for suspected COVID-19 infection","author":"Munblit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985","article-title":"Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Docherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.014","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: current findings and therapeutic implications","volume":"314","author":"N\u00e4gele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib15","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with covid-19 \u2014 preliminary report","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of covid-19 \u2014 final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib17","author":"Pan"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04618-2","article-title":"muLTi-Arm Therapeutic study in pre-ICu patients admitted with Covid-19-Experimental drugs and mechanisms (TACTIC-E): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib20","first-page":"271","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.05.016","article-title":"CT imaging features of 34 patients infected with COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Imag."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.03.003","article-title":"An update on COVID-19 for the radiologist - a British society of Thoracic Imaging statement","volume":"75","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib23","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the berlin definition","volume":"307","author":"Force","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib24","author":"Wiesbauer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000607","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00607-2020","article-title":"Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective","volume":"55","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30434-5","article-title":"Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study","volume":"20","author":"Carsana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03218-5","article-title":"Unspecific post-mortem findings despite multiorgan viral spread in COVID-19 patients","volume":"24","author":"Remmelink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10251","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31759-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury","volume":"396","author":"Braun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10247","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31305-2","article-title":"Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series","volume":"396","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10234","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus\u2013induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130344","article-title":"Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in diabetic cardiovascular complications","volume":"126","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Sci [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2162","article-title":"The emerging role of ACE2 in physiology and disease","volume":"212","author":"Hamming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859","article-title":"Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical relevance","volume":"115","author":"Deanfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30272-2","article-title":"Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study","volume":"8","author":"Barron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.04.021","article-title":"Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metabol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(05)70154-8","article-title":"Stress-induced hyperglycemia","volume":"17","author":"McCowen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165923","article-title":"Stress induced hyperglycemia and the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in survivors of critical illness","volume":"11","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i8.1073","article-title":"Steroid hyperglycemia: prevalence, early detection and therapeutic recommendations: a narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Tamez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.2005.25.7.963","article-title":"Relationship between hyperglycemia and infection in critically ill patients","volume":"25","author":"Butler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0287","article-title":"Glycemic control and risk of infections among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large primary care cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Critchley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.10.017","article-title":"Role of airway glucose in bacterial infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"142","author":"Mallia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203178","article-title":"Metformin reduces airway glucose permeability and hyperglycaemia-induced Staphylococcus aureus load independently of effects on blood glucose","volume":"68","author":"Garnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00861","article-title":"Influenza virus and glycemic variability in diabetes: a killer combination?","volume":"8","author":"Hulme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0109-4","article-title":"Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2018688","article-title":"New-onset diabetes in covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Rubino","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib49","series-title":"COVIDIAB Registry","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.06.015","article-title":"A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412507","article-title":"Infections in patients with diabetes Mellitus","volume":"341","author":"Joshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0723","article-title":"Outcomes in patients with hyperglycemia affected by COVID-19: can we do more on glycemic control?","volume":"43","author":"Sardu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060827","article-title":"Post-infectious myocardial infarction: new insights for improved screening","volume":"8","author":"Putot","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950","article-title":"Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in wuhan, China","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017","article-title":"Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state","volume":"323","author":"Arentz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12873","article-title":"Swollen heart in COVID\u201019 patients who progress to critical illness: a perspective from echo\u2010cardiologists","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Esc Hear Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12406","article-title":"Inflammation and plaque vulnerability","volume":"278","author":"Hansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1828","article-title":"Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID\u201019 cardiogenic shock","volume":"22","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050615","article-title":"AKI in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1963","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1963","article-title":"Covid-19 and acute kidney injury in hospital: summary of NICE guidelines","volume":"369","author":"Selby","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib62","article-title":"High burden of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R66","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10046","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in critical ill patients affected by influenza A (H1N1) virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Martin-Loaches","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67130.x","article-title":"Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01446","article-title":"The COVID-19 cytokine storm; what we know so far","volume":"11","author":"Ragab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.08.009","article-title":"Immunopathology of hyperinflammation in COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Gustine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90387-J","article-title":"Release of endothelin in the oleic acid-induced respiratory distress syndrome in rats","volume":"211","author":"Simmet","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib68","first-page":"982","article-title":"Endothelin receptor blockade attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary","volume":"161","author":"Fujii","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib69","first-page":"280","article-title":"Endothelin-1 production during the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease","volume":"156","author":"Hammerman","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830410202","article-title":"Role of endothelin in disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"41","author":"Asakura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"issue":"6_pt_1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib71","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Langleben","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011833","volume":"68","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12105","article-title":"Endothelin: 30 Years from discovery to therapy","volume":"74","author":"Barton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib74","volume":"vol. 2019","author":"D'Orl\u00e9ans-Juste","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030824","article-title":"Endothelin receptor antagonists: status quo and future perspectives for targeted therapy","volume":"9","author":"Enevoldsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.2.476","article-title":"Circulating endothelin-1 concentrations in acute respiratory failure","volume":"104","author":"Mitaka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01728331","article-title":"Endothelin production in sepsis and the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Sanai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib78","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Endothelin-1 in adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Druml","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_1.101S","article-title":"Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and endothelin-1 in lungs of subjects who died with ARDS","volume":"116","author":"Albertine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2370-x","article-title":"Pulmonary endothelium in acute lung injury: from basic science to the critically ill","volume":"30","author":"Orfanos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0310-1","article-title":"The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in inflammatory response and sepsis","volume":"63","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041","article-title":"Pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14202-5","article-title":"T cells upon activation promote endothelin 1 production in monocytes via IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"7","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702593","article-title":"Endothelin-1 enhances neutrophil adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells: role of ET(A) receptors and platelet-activating factor","volume":"127","author":"Zouki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/147616","article-title":"Endothelin receptors expressed by immune cells are involved in modulation of inflammation and in fibrosis: relevance to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"2015","author":"Elisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib86","series-title":"European Lung White Book","author":"ErS","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2009.02.007","article-title":"Role of endothelin-1 in acute lung injury","volume":"153","author":"Comellas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.03419","article-title":"Signaling by ALK5 mediates TGF-\u03b2-induced ET-1 expression in endothelial cells: a role for migration and proliferation","volume":"120","author":"Casta\u00f1ares","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6700750","article-title":"Endothelin-1: a multifunctional molecule in cancer","volume":"88","author":"Grant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Canc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib90","first-page":"316","article-title":"Endothelin-1 promotes mitogenesis in airway smooth muscle cells","volume":"10","author":"Glassberg","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.48.4.330","article-title":"Endothelin-1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"48","author":"Uguccioni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"109","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00010907","article-title":"Role of endothelin in lung fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215395","article-title":"Functional respiratory imaging identifies redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in patients with COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Thillai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30367-4","article-title":"Hypoxaemia related to COVID-19: vascular and perfusion abnormalities on dual-energy CT","volume":"20","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317355","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular involvement in hospitalised patients with COVID-19","volume":"106","author":"Pagnesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30189-2","article-title":"Pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"2","author":"Brondani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00741-0","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Sakr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0176-3","article-title":"Endothelins in cardiovascular biology and therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Dhaun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000185","article-title":"Endothelin-1 and the kidney","volume":"25","author":"Miguel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.143","article-title":"Endothelin and endothelin antagonists in chronic kidney disease","volume":"86","author":"Kohan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.157","article-title":"Progressive endothelin-1 gene activation initiates chronic\/end-stage renal disease following experimental ischemic\/reperfusion injury","volume":"84","author":"Zager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.158","article-title":"The road from AKI to CKD: the role of endothelin","volume":"84","author":"Dhaun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.07.033","article-title":"Long-term ambrisentan therapy for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"54","author":"Oudiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742510","article-title":"Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"117","author":"Nazzareno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8168","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01781","article-title":"Endothelin-receptor antagonists beyond pulmonary arterial hypertension: cancer and fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Aubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib106","series-title":"SmPC Ambrisentan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatter H, Seifert V. Ambrisentan, a non-peptide endothelin receptor antagonist. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev.; 24; 63-75.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3466.2006.00063.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000159512.55862.69","article-title":"Endothelin-A receptor blockade prevents and partially reverses neonatal hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling","volume":"57","author":"Ambalavanan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00003909","article-title":"Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists prevent the development of pulmonary emphysema in rats","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.10.040","article-title":"Endothelin receptor-antagonists suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release from alveolar macrophages of non-smokers, smokers and COPD subjects","volume":"768","author":"Gerlach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.06.076","article-title":"Endothelin-A receptor inhibition after cardiopulmonary bypass: cytokines and receptor activation","volume":"86","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R211","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3497","article-title":"Tezosentan-induced attenuation of lung injury in endotoxemic sheep is associated with reduced activation of protein kinase C","volume":"9","author":"Kuklin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000608","article-title":"Inhaled endothelin A antagonist improves arterial oxygenation in experimental acute lung injury","volume":"26","author":"Kaisers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703691","article-title":"Effect of endothelin antagonists, including the novel ET(A) receptor antagonist LBL 031, on endothelin-1 and lipopolysaccharide-induced microvascular leakage in rat airways","volume":"131","author":"Hele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-014-9602-9","article-title":"Bosentan as rescue treatment in refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in a patient with ARDS and H7N9 influenza virus infection","volume":"192","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.031","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiorenal effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"Zelniker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4670-7","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"61","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl J Med [Internet"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911303","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib122","article-title":"Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvz017","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvz017","article-title":"Effects of dapagliflozin on endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes with established ischaemic heart disease (EDIFIED)","volume":"4","author":"Zainordin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0621-8","article-title":"Dapagliflozin acutely improves endothelial dysfunction, reduces aortic stiffness and renal resistive index in type 2 diabetic patients: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Solini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23420-4","article-title":"Canagliflozin inhibits interleukin-1\u03b2-stimulated cytokine and chemokine secretion in vascular endothelial cells by AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107723","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of antidiabetic drugs: a \u201cpromised land\u201d in the COVID-19 era?","volume":"34","author":"Katsiki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R113","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0832","article-title":"Mechanisms in Endocrinology: SGLT2 inhibitors: clinical benefits by restoration of normal diurnal metabolism?","volume":"178","author":"Esterline","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812389","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"380","author":"Wiviott","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002983","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and adverse renal events in patients receiving SGLT2-inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Menne","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."}],"container-title":["Pulmonary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109455392100047X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S109455392100047X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1761082214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S109455392100047X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":125,"alternative-id":["S109455392100047X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-5539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-5539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Endothelin antagonism and sodium glucose Co-transporter 2 inhibition. A potential combination therapeutic strategy for COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102035"}}