{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:16:30Z","timestamp":1793776590283,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000351","name":"British Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:55:18Z","timestamp":1635900918000},"page":"102095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics in respiratory disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Pollock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13936","article-title":"The macrolide antibiotic renaissance","volume":"174","author":"Dinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00302","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of macrolides - a systematic review of the underlying mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib4","author":"MedChemExpress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib6","author":"ChemSpider"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib7","first-page":"632","article-title":"Clinical effects of low-dose long-term erythromycin chemotherapy on diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"25","author":"Kudoh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00131805","article-title":"Diffuse panbronchiolitis","volume":"28","author":"Poletti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000320320","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics - Part 2: advantages and disadvantages of long-term, low-dose macrolide therapy","volume":"81","author":"Altenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir"},{"issue":"10095","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31281-3","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9842","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60953-2","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1937","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"Altenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2290","article-title":"Effect of long-term, low-dose erythromycin on pulmonary exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BLESS randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"Serisier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200801-145OC","article-title":"Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations","volume":"178","author":"Seemungal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104623","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD","volume":"365","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70019-0","article-title":"Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Uzun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.3.212","article-title":"Effect of long-term treatment with azithromycin on disease parameters in cystic fibrosis: a randomised trial","volume":"57","author":"Wolter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1749","article-title":"Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"290","author":"Saiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.563","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis uninfected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Saiman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib20","series-title":"The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00106-X","article-title":"Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials","volume":"3","author":"Pascoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124090","article-title":"How glucocorticoids affect the neutrophil life","volume":"19","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"507","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3879","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroid suppression of cathelicidin drives dysbiosis and bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Singanayagam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01169-09","article-title":"Importance of CXC chemokine receptor 2 in alveolar neutrophil and exudate macrophage recruitment in response to pneumococcal lung infection","volume":"78","author":"Herbold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2013.12.009","article-title":"A randomised double blind, placebo controlled phase 2 trial of BIIL 284 BS (an LTB4 receptor antagonist) for the treatment of lung disease in children and adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Konstan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.13613809","article-title":"Clinical and immunoregulatory effects of roxithromycin therapy for chronic respiratory infection","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"Issue suppl_A","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/25.suppl_A.73","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues","volume":"25","author":"Foulds","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib28","first-page":"CD012406","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30191-2","article-title":"Long-term macrolide antibiotics for the treatment of bronchiectasis in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chalmers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1285677","article-title":"Immunomodulatory indications of azithromycin in respiratory disease: a concise review for the clinician","volume":"129","author":"Cramer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00194-2020","article-title":"Airway abundance of Haemophilus influenzae predicts response to azithromycin in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma","volume":"56","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00095809","article-title":"Azithromycin induces anti-viral response in bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"36","author":"Gielen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00102014","article-title":"Novel antiviral properties of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Sch\u00f6gler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144972","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in viral infections and their potential application in retinal gene therapy","volume":"21","author":"Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13856","article-title":"Assessment of COVID\u201019 Treatment containing both Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: a natural clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106143","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of azithromycin in patients with COVID-19: an open-label randomised trial","volume":"56","author":"Sekhavati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib38","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial, an update with an intention-to-treat analysis and clinical outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Gautret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib39","series-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy of Macrolides in Management of Patients with Mild COVID-19. PREPRINT (Version 1), Research Square","author":"Rashad","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10256","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31862-6","article-title":"Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial","volume":"396","author":"Furtado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2019014","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin in mild-to-moderate covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006","article-title":"No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"50","author":"Molina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Maladies Infect."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib43","first-page":"2493","article-title":"Association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin with in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York state","volume":"323","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMACROLIDES"},{"issue":"10274","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00149-5","article-title":"Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"397","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10279","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00461-X","article-title":"Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial","volume":"397","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213929","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guideline for the use of long-term macrolides in adults with respiratory disease","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"63","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib47","first-page":"PA2165","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of inhaled antibiotics for the treatment of bronchiectasis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Laska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-005-0375-1","article-title":"Macrolide resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated during long-term macrolide therapy: difference between erythromycin and clarithromycin","volume":"11","author":"Kasahara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200707-1134OC","article-title":"Clarithromycin targets neutrophilic airway inflammation in refractory asthma","volume":"177","author":"Simpson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/708608","article-title":"Effect of low-dose, long-term roxithromycin on airway inflammation and remodelling in noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"2014","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-200OC","article-title":"Azithromycin blocks neutrophil recruitment in Pseudomonas endobronchial infection","volume":"170","author":"Tsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.6.2137","article-title":"Fourteen-membered ring macrolides inhibit vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 messenger RNA induction and leukocyte migration: role in preventing lung injury and fibrosis in bleomycin-challenged mice","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08091451","article-title":"Effect of erythromycin on Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin-induced release of IL-6, IL-8 and sICAM-1 by cultured human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Khair","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00008005","article-title":"Effect of clarithromycin on rhinovirus-16 infection in A549 cells","volume":"27","author":"Jang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00752-18","article-title":"Azithromycin in Combination with Ceftriaxone reduces systemic inflammation and provides survival benefit to murine model of polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"62","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2011.02.001","article-title":"Macrolide antibiotics broadly and distinctively inhibit cytokine and chemokine production by COPD sputum cells in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Marjanovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2009.03.003","article-title":"Azithromycin fails to reduce increased expression of neutrophil-related cytokines in primary-cultured epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis mice","volume":"8","author":"Gavilanes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32563.x","article-title":"Neutrophil transmigration across monolayers of endothelial cells and airway epithelial cells is regulated by different mechanisms","volume":"796","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.23.3.4068","article-title":"Neutrophil transmigration across human airway epithelial monolayers: mechanisms and dependence on electrical resistance","volume":"23","author":"Kidney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218219110","article-title":"NF-kB inhibitor targeted to activated endothelium demonstrates a critical role of endothelial NF-kB in immune-mediated diseases","volume":"110","author":"Sehnert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0348TR","article-title":"Transepithelial migration of neutrophils: mechanisms and implications for acute lung injury","volume":"40","author":"Zemans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn007","article-title":"Azithromycin alters macrophage phenotype","volume":"61","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1097-5","article-title":"Azithromycin promotes alternatively activated macrophage phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus via PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13092","article-title":"Macrolide derivatives reduce proinflammatory macrophage activation and macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01097.x","article-title":"Effect of macrolide antibiotics on macrophage functions","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2460\/AJVR.2002.63.36","article-title":"Effect of tilmicosin on chemotactic, phagocytic, and bactericidal activities of bovine and porcine alveolar macrophages","volume":"63","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02135.x","article-title":"Low-dose azithromycin improves phagocytosis of bacteria by both alveolar and monocyte-derived macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects","volume":"17","author":"Hodge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00001506","article-title":"Azithromycin increases phagocytosis of apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells by alveolar macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Hodge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.4.872","article-title":"Erythromycin shortens neutrophil survival by accelerating apoptosis","volume":"39","author":"Aoshiba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.7.1548","article-title":"Effects of dirithromycin and erythromycylamine on human neutrophil degranulation","volume":"38","author":"Abdelghaffar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.1.81","article-title":"Comparison of various macrolides on stimulation of human neutrophil degranulation in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Abdelghaffar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.2.235","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of erythromycin inhibits CXC chemokine production, but augments neutrophil degranulation in whole blood stimulated with","volume":"46","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02042-3","article-title":"Azithromycin modulates neutrophil function and circulating inflammatory mediators in healthy human subjects","volume":"450","author":"Culic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122666","article-title":"Azithromycin and chloramphenicol diminish neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release","volume":"18","author":"Bystrzycka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02063-15","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of clarithromycin in acinetobacter baumannii infection via formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"60","author":"Konstantinidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13448","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in nasal secretions of patients with stable and exacerbated chronic rhinosinusitis and their contribution to induce chemokine secretion and strengthen the epithelial barrier","volume":"49","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1909-2","article-title":"Erythromycin suppresses neutrophil extracellular traps in smoking-related chronic pulmonary inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/24.4.561","article-title":"Comparison of the in-vitro effect of several macrolides on the oxidative burst of human neutrophils","volume":"24","author":"Labro","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"5 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib79","article-title":"Granulocyte apoptosis and its role in the resolution and control of lung inflammation","volume":"160","author":"Haslett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Crit. Care. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-7-65","article-title":"Delayed apoptosis by neutrophils from COPD patients is associated with altered bak, bcl-xl, and mcl-1 mRNA expression","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01052-10","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory benefits of antibiotic-induced neutrophil apoptosis: tulathromycin induces caspase-3-dependent neutrophil programmed cell death and inhibits NF-\u03baB signaling and CXCL8 transcription","volume":"55","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00057","volume":"5","author":"Mogues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200474","article-title":"Azithromycin therapy reduces cardiac inflammation and mitigates adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction: potential therapeutic targets in ischemic heart disease","volume":"13","author":"Al-Darraji","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.593","article-title":"Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Aderem","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00311","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in pulmonary diseases: too much of a good thing?","volume":"7","author":"Porto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30504-X","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps, disease severity, and antibiotic response in bronchiectasis: an international, observational, multicohort study","volume":"9","author":"Keir","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.1.19","article-title":"Apoptosis, oxidative metabolism and interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils exposed to azithromycin: effects of","volume":"46","author":"Koch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib88","first-page":"101","article-title":"Modulation of multiple neutrophil functions by preparative methods or trace concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"119","author":"Haslett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04480.x","article-title":"The effect of azithromycin on the maturation and function of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells","volume":"166","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1210655","article-title":"Azithromycin drives in vitro GM\u2010CSF\/IL\u20104\u2010induced differentiation of human blood monocytes toward dendritic\u2010like cells with regulatory properties","volume":"91","author":"Polancec","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.09.012","article-title":"Azithromycin modulates immune response of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03299.x","article-title":"Differing effects of clarithromycin and azithromycin on cytokine production by murine dendritic cells","volume":"147","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.9.1786","article-title":"In vivo administration of azithromycin affects lymphocyte activity in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Tomazic","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2006.10.016","article-title":"Effects of macrolides on antigen presentation and cytokine production by dendritic cells and T lymphocytes","volume":"71","author":"Ishida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1997.259-ce1139.x","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis; the importance of cytotoxic T cells","volume":"107","author":"Kawakami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.10.009","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced apoptosis in human activated peripheral lymphocytes","volume":"25","author":"Kadota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.090","article-title":"Azithromycin treats diffuse panbronchiolitis by targeting T cells via inhibition of mTOR pathway","volume":"110","author":"Weng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07438","article-title":"Azithromycin suppresses CD$+ T-cell activation by direct modulation of mTOR activity","volume":"4","author":"Ratzinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"59","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib99","article-title":"A mechanistic study on the effect of azithromycin on T helper-17 cells","volume":"46","author":"Vandermeulen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1917","article-title":"Erythromycin suppresses nuclear factor-kB and activator protein-1 activation in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"267","author":"Desaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.1.44-47.2001","article-title":"Clarithromycin inhibits NF-\u03baB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells","volume":"45","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf008","article-title":"Clarithromycin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 production by human monocytes through AP-1 and NF-\u03baB transcription factors","volume":"49","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318142582d","article-title":"Azithromycin suppresses activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tracheal aspirate cells from premature infants","volume":"62","author":"Aghai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040544","article-title":"Functions of NF-kB1 and NF-kB2 in immune cell biology","volume":"382","author":"Beinke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis473","article-title":"Increased susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to macrolides and Ketolides in eukaryotic cell culture media and biological fluids due to decreased expression of oprM and increased outer-membrane permeability","volume":"55","author":"Buyck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01847-2016","article-title":"Acquired resistance to macrolides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"49","author":"Mustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"ERJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2163","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2163","article-title":"Azithromycin in viral infections","volume":"31","author":"Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2015.513","article-title":"Repurposing drugs in oncology (ReDO) \u2013 clarithromycin as an anti-cancer agent","volume":"9","author":"Van Nuffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"ecancermedicalscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X167642","article-title":"Effects of clarithromycin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Ogrendik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.08.014","article-title":"Efficacy of roxithromycin in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had not received disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a 3-month, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Ogrendik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Therapeut."}],"container-title":["Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094553921001073?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094553921001073?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:31:08Z","timestamp":1761082268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094553921001073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["S1094553921001073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-5539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-5539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics in respiratory disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102095"}}