{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:08:30Z","timestamp":1791515310559,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific & Industrial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\/INF\/22\/SP41295\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/INF\/22\/SP41295\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:38:53Z","timestamp":1752712733000},"page":"102379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PM2.5 augments cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice by driving a stronger immune response: Potential beneficial effects of oleanolic acid"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Jitender","family":"Chandel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amarjit S.","family":"Naura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.09.255","article-title":"Projecting long-term health and economic burden of COPD in the United States","volume":"159","author":"Zafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00304-2","article-title":"COPD generates substantial cost for health systems","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib3","first-page":"3","article-title":"The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the framingham offspring cohort","volume":"180","author":"Kohansal","year":"2009"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American heart association","volume":"109","author":"Brook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","article-title":"Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect","volume":"56","author":"Pope Iii","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib6","first-page":"1","volume":"vol. 83","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-023-03707-7","article-title":"Elemental composition and sources of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in Delhi, India","volume":"110","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01594-y","article-title":"Particulate matter in COPD pathogenesis: an overview","volume":"71","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0132-z","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of COPD in smokers and non-smokers: the rotterdam study","volume":"31","author":"Terzikhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0217-2","article-title":"The role of environmental exposure to non-cigarette smoke in lung disease","volume":"7","author":"Kc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01433-3","article-title":"Dynamics of inflammatory and pathological changes induced by single exposure of particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in mice: potential implications in COPD","volume":"82","author":"Chandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"null","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S195794","article-title":"Fine-particulate matter aggravates cigarette smoke extract\u2013induced airway inflammation via Wnt5a\u2013ERK pathway in COPD","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.054","article-title":"Fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) aggravates apoptosis of cigarette-inflamed bronchial epithelium in vivo and vitro","volume":"248","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.857888","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and exposure to airborne fine particulate matter and cigarette smoke","volume":"120","author":"Pope","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108910","article-title":"Indoor PM2.5, tobacco smoking and chronic lung diseases: a narrative review","volume":"181","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104883","article-title":"Effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to particulate matter and cigarette smoke extract","volume":"67","author":"Son","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12020161","article-title":"Particulate matter induces oxidative stress and ferroptosis in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Ahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"null","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S393540","article-title":"Conventional, complementary and alternative medicines: mechanistic insights into therapeutic landscape of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Arezina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.12.028","article-title":"Oleanolic acid activates Nrf2 and protects from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity via Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent processes","volume":"77","author":"Reisman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112397","article-title":"Anticancer activity of oleanolic acid and its derivatives: recent advances in evidence, target profiling and mechanisms of action","volume":"145","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115759","article-title":"Isolation & identification of anti-inflammatory constituents of Randia dumetorum lamk. fruit: potential beneficial effects against acute lung injury","volume":"301","author":"Narota","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.5606\/tgkdc.dergisi.2019.15058","article-title":"Effect of oleanolic acid for prevention of acute lung injury and apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Bay\u00fclgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Derg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.12.009","article-title":"Oleanolic acid suppresses ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and Th2-mediated allergic asthma by modulating the transcription factors T-bet, GATA-3, ROR\u03b3t and Foxp3 in asthmatic mice","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01265-1","article-title":"Guggulsterone protects against cigarette smoke-induced COPD linked lung inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116623","article-title":"Protective effect of oleo-gum resin of Commiphora wightii against elastase-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-linked lung inflammation and emphysema: isolation and identification of key bioactive phytoconstituent","volume":"314","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L149","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00329.2019","article-title":"Mitochondria: at the crossroads of regulating lung epithelial cell function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"318","author":"Aghapour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-03905-5","article-title":"Gallic acid ameliorates COPD-associated exacerbation in mice","volume":"476","author":"Singla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","volume":"95","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(79)90289-7","article-title":"Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver","volume":"582","author":"Moron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(78)90479-4","article-title":"Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"186","author":"Kono","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib31","series-title":"Methods of Enzymatic Analysis","first-page":"885","article-title":"Catalase","author":"L\u00fcck","year":"1965"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.11.021","article-title":"The importance of identifying At-Risk populations to air pollution exposures and quantifying risks in populations with multiple risk factors","volume":"165","author":"Rappazzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102587","article-title":"PM2. 5 increases susceptibility to acute exacerbation of COPD via NOX4\/Nrf2 redox imbalance-mediated mitophagy","volume":"59","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu275","article-title":"Interactions between cigarette smoking and fine particulate matter in the risk of lung cancer mortality in cancer prevention study II","volume":"180","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.202325","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoking and their combined effects on depression in six low- and middle-income countries","volume":"211","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.967047","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and air pollution exposure and their effects on cardiovascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Mallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1234799","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and PM2.5 might jointly exacerbate the risk of metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01465-y","article-title":"Joint association of cigarette smoking and PM 2.5 with COPD among urban and rural adults in regional China","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-024-00384-z","article-title":"Fine particulate matter aggravates smoking induced lung injury via NLRP3\/caspase-1 pathway in COPD","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.01.024","article-title":"Interactions between cigarette smoking and ambient PM2.5 for cardiovascular mortality","volume":"154","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"null","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in the lung","volume":"2","author":"Moldoveanu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98224","article-title":"Granulocyte-CSF links destructive inflammation and comorbidities in obstructive lung disease","volume":"128","author":"Tsantikos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib43","first-page":"S130","article-title":"Does protease\u2013antiprotease imbalance explain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?","volume":"13","author":"Lomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annal. Am. Thoracic Soci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043786","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"24","author":"Christopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112617","article-title":"Oleanolic acid alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat severe steatotic liver via KEAP1\/NRF2\/ARE","volume":"138","author":"Pi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154529","article-title":"NRF2 and FXR dual signaling pathways cooperatively regulate the effects of oleanolic acid on cholestatic liver injury","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"}],"container-title":["Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094553925000367?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094553925000367?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:44:31Z","timestamp":1778589871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094553925000367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1094553925000367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-5539"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-5539","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PM2.5 augments cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice by driving a stronger immune response: Potential beneficial effects of oleanolic acid","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pupt.2025.102379","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102379"}}