{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:46:17Z","timestamp":1764873977726,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","radiographyonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Radiography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T01:00:19Z","timestamp":1660179619000},"page":"1032-1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Research ethics systems, processes, and awareness across Europe: Radiography research ethics standards for Europe (RRESFE)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Bockhold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1365-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7043-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Abdurakman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6574-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Bezzina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Drey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6333-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"England","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-5613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Flinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Khine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7045-2190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"McEntee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9438-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Meki\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Precht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Rainford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2376-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"S\u00e1 dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Syrgiamiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2446-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Woodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Beardmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"O'Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Malamateniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.05.005","article-title":"Why isn\u2019t there an evidence-based radiography? Reflections and a call to action","volume":"26","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.06.015","article-title":"Translating radiography research into practice","volume":"26","author":"McEntee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.04.018","article-title":"Inclusion of evidence and research in European radiography curricula","volume":"26","author":"England","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.09.012","article-title":"Valedictory editorial \u2013 new horizons","volume":"27","author":"Nightingale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.04.006","article-title":"Inspiring radiographers to engage in research","volume":"26","author":"Hogg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Transforming and scaling up health professionals\u2019 education and training","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib6"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"EFRS statement on radiography research in Europe","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib7"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"EFRS Statement on evidence-based practice in the undergraduate Curriculum","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib8"},{"year":"2018","series-title":"European qualifications framework (EQF) level 6 benchmarking document: radiographers","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib9"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"European qualifications framework (EQF) level 7 benchmarking document: radiography","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib10"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/radi.2001.0352","article-title":"Ethical issues in health care research","volume":"8","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib12","unstructured":"European Congress of Radiology. ESR press releases [Internet]. Vienna; European Society of Radiology [cited February 2, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.myesr.org\/press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7034.798a","article-title":"GP struck off for fraud in drug trials","volume":"312","author":"Dyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199408113310611","article-title":"The continuing unethical use of Placebo controls","volume":"331","author":"Rothman","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"year":"2021","series-title":"Science fictions","author":"Ritchie","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib15"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib16"},{"year":"2021","series-title":"Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing and publication of scholarly work in medical journals","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib18","unstructured":"Radiography. Guide for Authors [internet]. Amsterdam: Elsevier [cited February 2, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/journals\/radiography\/1078-8174\/guide-for-authors."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/radi.2001.0352","article-title":"Ethical issues in health care research","volume":"8","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"year":"2016","author":"European Union","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib20"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2014.01.006","article-title":"Ethical issues in research involving children and young people","volume":"20","author":"Scally","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2010.12.004","article-title":"Considerations, clues and challenges: gaining Ethical and Trust research approval when using the NHS as a research setting","volume":"17","author":"Jonker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib23","unstructured":"City, University of London. Research Integrity and Ethics [internet]. London: City, University of London [cited February 1, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.city.ac.uk\/research\/support\/integrity-and-ethics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib24","unstructured":"UCD Research Ethics. Research ethics & data management [internet]. Dublin: University College Dublin [cited February 1, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ucd.ie\/researchethics\/informationforresearchers\/researchethicsdatamanagement\/."},{"issue":"9596","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","article-title":"Improving the quality of web surveys: the checklist for reporting results of Internet E-surveys (CHERRIES)","volume":"6","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Internet Res"},{"year":"1992","series-title":"The Nazi doctors and the nuremberg code: human rights in human experimentation","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib27"},{"year":"2010","series-title":"EFRS code of ethics","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib28"},{"year":"2015","series-title":"Medical ethics manual. Ferney-voltaire cedex","author":"World Medical Association","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib29"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-021-00677-5","article-title":"The social licence for data-intensive health research: towards co-creation, public value and trust","volume":"22","author":"Muller","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"year":"2013","series-title":"Council Directive 2013\/59\/EURATOM laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directive 89\/618\/Euratom, 90\/641\/Euratom, 97\/43\/Euratom and 2003\/122\/Euratom","author":"The Council of the European Union","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib31"},{"year":"2005","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib32"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib33","unstructured":"The Society of Radiographers. Patient public and practitioner partnerships within imaging and radiotherapy: guiding principles [internet]. London: The Society and College of Radiographers [cited February 21, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.sor.org\/learning-advice\/professional-body-guidance-and-publications\/documents-and-publications\/policy-guidance-document-library\/patient-public-and-practitioner-partnerships-withi."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.08.007","article-title":"Facilitators for and barriers to radiography research in public healthcare in Nordic countries","volume":"28","author":"Bolejko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib35","article-title":"Fostering clinical research in imaging departments","volume":"18","author":"McNulty","year":"2018","journal-title":"HealthManagememetorg"},{"issue":"3s","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2015.06.009","article-title":"Unlocking student research potential: toward a research culture in radiography undergraduate learning curricular","volume":"46","author":"Higgins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Imaging Radiat Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejradi.2008.12.003","article-title":"Radiography and research: a United Kingdom perspective","volume":"1","author":"Malamateniou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-019-0373-y","article-title":"Huge variation in obtaining ethical permission for a non-interventional observational study in Europe","volume":"20","author":"de Lange","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp164","article-title":"Ethics and observational studies in medical research: various rules in a common framework","volume":"38","author":"Claudot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib40","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). ICH E6(R2) guideline for good clinical practice [online]. Amsterdam: European Medicines Agency [cited February 22, 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/ich-e6-r2-good-clinical-practice."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1528214","article-title":"Ethics in clinical trial regulation: ethically relevant issues from EMA inspection reports","volume":"35","author":"Bernabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2017.07.009","article-title":"An evaluation of the educational requirements to practise radiography in the European Union","volume":"24","author":"Couto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.04.018","article-title":"Inclusion of evidence and research in European radiography curricula","volume":"26","author":"England","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2015.09.007","article-title":"A\u00a0picture of radiography education across Europe","volume":"22","author":"McNulty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiography"}],"container-title":["Radiography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078817422000967?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1078817422000967?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T12:10:05Z","timestamp":1761048605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1078817422000967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1078817422000967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8174"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1078-8174"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Research ethics systems, processes, and awareness across Europe: Radiography research ethics standards for Europe (RRESFE)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Radiography","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radi.2022.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The College of Radiographers.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}