{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:59:45Z","timestamp":1790251185560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-CA233487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-CA233487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014039","name":"US Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-22-1-0277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-1-0277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thegreenjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Radiotherapy and Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:24:17Z","timestamp":1770855857000},"page":"111441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effective use of PROs for survival prediction: Transformer-based modelling in NSCLC patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"218","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Dudas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.J.","family":"Dilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Jim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.El","family":"Naqa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7408.195","article-title":"A systematic review of physicians\u2019 survival predictions in terminally ill cancer patients","volume":"327","author":"Glare","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.4459","article-title":"Longitudinal perceptions of prognosis and goals of therapy in patients with metastatic non\u2013small-cell lung cancer: results of a randomized study of early palliative care","volume":"29","author":"Temel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0015","first-page":"209","article-title":"How accurate are physicians\u2019 clinical predictions of survival and the available prognostic tools in estimating survival times in terminally III cancer patients? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Chow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2018.03.005","article-title":"Significance of stereotactic body radiotherapy in older patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Maebayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Geriatric Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.05.008","article-title":"Comparing outcomes of patients with early-stage non\u2013small-cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy based on frailty status","volume":"19","author":"Raghavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29640","article-title":"Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus no treatment for early stage non\u2013small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable elderly patients: a National Cancer Data Base analysis","volume":"121","author":"Nanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e262","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.18.00516","article-title":"Impact of accuracy of survival predictions on quality of end-of-life care among patients with metastatic cancer who receive radiation therapy","volume":"15","author":"Sborov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.050","article-title":"Perspectives, preferences, care practices, and outcomes among older and middle-aged patients with late-stage cancer","volume":"22","author":"Rose","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0285","article-title":"Distress due to prognostic uncertainty in palliative care: frequency, distribution, and outcomes among hospitalized patients with advanced cancer","volume":"21","author":"Gramling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr485","article-title":"Patient self-reports of symptoms and clinician ratings as predictors of overall cancer survival","volume":"103","author":"Quinten","year":"2011","journal-title":"JNCI: J Nat Cancer Institute"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28382","article-title":"A global analysis of multitrial data investigating quality of life and symptoms as prognostic factors for survival in different tumor sites","volume":"120","author":"Quinten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.13.3439","article-title":"The prognostic significance of patient-reported outcomes in cancer clinical trials","volume":"26","author":"Gotay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2022.100475","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes predict survival and adverse events following anticancer treatment initiation in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Modi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7156","article-title":"Overall survival results of a trial assessing patient-reported outcomes for symptom monitoring during routine cancer treatment","volume":"318","author":"Basch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.10.017","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes as independent prognostic factors for survival in oncology: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Efficace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0080","first-page":"2217","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of cancer patient reported outcomes in end of life care predict survival","volume":"24","author":"Stukenborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.12.021","article-title":"Longitudinal patient-reported outcomes and survival among early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving stereotactic body radiotherapy","volume":"167","author":"Turner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.7173","article-title":"Trajectory of performance status and symptom scores for patients with cancer during the last six months of life","volume":"29","author":"Seow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0095","first-page":"5","article-title":"Correlating symptoms and their changes with survival in patients with brain metastases","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Palliat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/10543406.2011.590922","article-title":"Joint Modeling of multiple longitudinal patient-reported outcomes and survival","volume":"21","author":"Hatfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biopharm Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0105","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Proces Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0110","article-title":"Vision transformer-based multi-label survival prediction for oropharynx cancer radiotherapy using planning CT","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol*Biol*Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11081171","article-title":"Survival prediction using transformer-based categorical feature representation in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57181-2","article-title":"Pretrained transformers applied to clinical studies improve predictions of treatment efficacy and associated biomarkers","volume":"16","author":"Arango-Argoty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004","article-title":"Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data","volume":"36","author":"Elixhauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku221","article-title":"Comparing the performance of the Charlson\/Deyo and Elixhauser comorbidity measures across five European countries and three conditions","volume":"25","author":"Gutacker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4647-4","article-title":"Moving targets in 4D-CTs versus MIP and AIP: comparison of patients data to phantom data","volume":"18","author":"Borm","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000501)88:9<2164::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Validation of the edmonton symptom assessment scale","volume":"88","author":"Chang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3747\/co.v16i1.261","article-title":"A review of the reliability and validity of the edmonton symptom assessment system","volume":"16","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.83","article-title":"Effect of edmonton symptom assessment scale (ESAS) on symptom data collection in a radiation oncology department","volume":"34","author":"Savla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00465","article-title":"Prospective study of use of Edmonton symptom assessment scale versus routine symptom management during weekly radiation treatment visits","volume":"16","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2020.02.007","article-title":"Using the revised Edmonton symptom assessment scale during neoadjuvant radiotherapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma","volume":"22","author":"Palm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Translational Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darko J, McKenna CB, McKnight K, Osei E, Peters C. Systematic self-reporting of patients\u2019 symptoms: improving oncologic care and patients\u2019 satisfaction. Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 2023;22:e55. https:\/\/doi.org\/Doi: 10.1017\/S1460396922000255.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1460396922000255"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2022.04.020","article-title":"Patient reported outcomes in advanced penile cancer","volume":"40","author":"Youssef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol Oncol: Seminars Original Investigations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7107","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3374","article-title":"The impact of routine Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) use on overall survival in cancer patients: results of a population-based retrospective matched cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Barbera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-8-2-1","article-title":"Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Appl Math Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-024-02519-1","article-title":"A deep learning-informed interpretation of why and when dose metrics outside the PTV can affect the risk of distant metastasis in SBRT NSCLC patients","volume":"19","author":"Dudas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2024.103307","article-title":"Improved outcome models with denoising diffusion","volume":"119","author":"Dudas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2023.11.059","article-title":"Deep learning-guided dosimetry for mitigating local failure of non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving SBRT","author":"Dudas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol*Biol*Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.01.042","article-title":"Integrating multiomics information in deep learning architectures for joint actuarial outcome prediction in non-small cell lung cancer patients after radiation therapy","volume":"110","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol*Biol*Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6257","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6257","article-title":"A scalable discrete-time survival model for neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Gensheimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0241-z","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD Statement","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4154","article-title":"On the C-statistics for evaluating overall adequacy of risk prediction procedures with censored survival data","volume":"30","author":"Uno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0220","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Lee S-I. A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS'17) 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01115-1","article-title":"Measuring the bias of incorrect application of feature selection when using cross-validation in radiomics","volume":"12","author":"Demircio\u011flu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights into Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.12.022","article-title":"Prognostic factors in stereotactic body radiotherapy for non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"79","author":"Matsuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol*Biol*Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-3860-x","article-title":"Survival and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer stage I\u2013II treated surgically or with stereotactic body radiotherapy: patient and tumor-specific factors affect the prognosis","volume":"22","author":"Mokhles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"}],"container-title":["Radiotherapy and Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167814026000800?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167814026000800?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:30:27Z","timestamp":1782491427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167814026000800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0167814026000800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-8140"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-8140","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effective use of PROs for survival prediction: Transformer-based modelling in NSCLC patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Radiotherapy and Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111441","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111441"}}