{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:48:52Z","timestamp":1787064532290,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017008","name":"Cancer Research UK Manchester Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRCOER-Jun24\/100008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRCOER-Jun24\/100008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017008","name":"Cancer Research UK Manchester Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTRQQR-2021\\\\100010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTRQQR-2021\\\\100010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thegreenjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Radiotherapy and Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T23:15:50Z","timestamp":1776467750000},"page":"111544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dependence of planning target volume margins on degrees of freedom and correlations of uncertainties"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"van Herk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00518-6","article-title":"The probability of correct target dosage: dose-population histograms for deriving treatment margins in radiotherapy","volume":"47","author":"van Herk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1809991","article-title":"The effects of target size and tissue density on the minimum margin required for random errors","volume":"31","author":"Witte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3070539","article-title":"Radiotherapy margin design with particular consideration of high curvature CTVs","volume":"36","author":"Herschtal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(02)00015-4","article-title":"Margins for geometric uncertainty around organs at risk in radiotherapy","volume":"62","author":"McKenzie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/45\/11\/315","article-title":"The width of margins in radiotherapy treatment plans","volume":"45","author":"McKenzie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijnheer BJ, Gonz\u00e1lez P, Olaciregui-Ruiz I, Rozendaal RA, van Herk M, Mans A. Overview of 3-year experience with large-scale electronic portal imaging device-based 3-dimensional transit dosimetry. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015 Nov-Dec;5(6):e679-87. doi: 10.1016\/j.prro.2015.07.001. Epub 2015 Jul 9. PMID: 26421834.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2015.07.001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2011.11.011","article-title":"Repeat CT assessed CTV variation and PTV margins for short- and long-course pre-operative RT of rectal cancer","volume":"102","author":"Nijkamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.07.032","article-title":"Effects of setup errors and shape changes on breast radiotherapy","volume":"79","author":"van Mourik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac5ce5","article-title":"An updated approach for deriving PTV margins using image guidance and deformable dose accumulation","volume":"67","author":"Frederick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3397807","article-title":"Catching errors with in vivo EPID dosimetry","volume":"37","author":"Mans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivas Maiques B, Ruiz IO, Janssen T, Mans A. Clinical rationale for in vivo portal dosimetry in magnetic resonance guided online adaptive radiotherapy. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2022 Jun 11;23:16-23. doi: 10.1016\/j.phro.2022.06.005. eCollection 2022 Jul. PMID: 35734264.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2022.06.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2003.08.026","article-title":"Biologic and physical fractionation effects of random geometric errors","volume":"57","author":"van Herk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1881832","article-title":"A stochastic convolution\/superposition method with isocenter sampling to evaluate intrafraction motion effects in IMRT","volume":"32","author":"Naqvi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semradonc.2003.10.003","article-title":"Errors and margins in radiotherapy","volume":"14","author":"van Herk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2024.110365","article-title":"Robustness evaluation of pencil beam scanning proton therapy treatment planning: a systematic review","volume":"197","author":"Sterpin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)02805-X","article-title":"Inclusion of geometric uncertainties in treatment plan evaluation","volume":"52","author":"van Herk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire V, Mackie TR. State of the art on dose prescription, reporting and recording in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (ICRU report No. 83). Cancer Radiother. 2011 Oct;15(6-7):555-9. doi: 10.1016\/j.canrad.2011.04.003. Epub 2011 Jul 28. PMID: 21802333.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2011.04.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0090","unstructured":"ICRU Report 50, Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy. https:\/\/www.icru.org\/report\/prescribing-recording-and-reporting-photon-beam-therapy-report-50\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.02.073","article-title":"Effects of respiration-induced density variations on dose distributions in radiotherapy of lung cancer","volume":"74","author":"Mexner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2826558","article-title":"Evaluation of dosimetric margins in prostate IMRT treatment plans","volume":"35","author":"Gordon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0105","unstructured":"Marcel van Herk, Jane Shortall, Jennifer Robbins, Andrew Green, Eliana Vasquez Osorio. Comparing two web platforms for uncertainty simulation of external beam radiotherapy. In: Proc International Conference on the use of Computers in Radiotherapy, Montreal Canada; 2019. https:\/\/www.postersessiononline.eu\/173580348_eu\/congresos\/ICCR-MCMA2019\/aula\/-P_26_ICCR-MCMA2019.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/11\/3563","article-title":"Probabilistic objective functions for margin-less IMRT planning","volume":"58","author":"Bohoslavsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00468-4","article-title":"Inclusion of geometrical uncertainties in radiotherapy treatment planning by means of coverage probability","volume":"43","author":"Stroom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2017.08.044","article-title":"Image guided radiation therapy strategies for pelvic lymph node irradiation in high-risk prostate cancer: motion and margins","volume":"100","author":"Kershaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0125","article-title":"Defining the PTV and PRV - New ideas about old problems (abstract)","volume":"73","author":"McKenzie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2015.02.011","article-title":"Target delineation variability and corresponding margins of peripheral early stage NSCLC treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy","volume":"114","author":"Peulen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0135","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez Osorio E, Shortall J, Robbins J, van Herk M. Contour Generation with realistic inter-observer variation. In: 19th International conference on the use of computers in radiation therapy, Montreal Canada; 2019. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2204.10098."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0140","unstructured":"S van Kranen, JJ Sonke and M van Herk. Derivation of the probabilistic treatment margins for two targets with correlated motion. World Conference on Medical Physics and Biomechanical Engineering. Toronto 2015. https:\/\/ifmbe.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/IUPESM2015-Onsite-Program-and-Abstract-Book.pdf [ifmbe.org], ISBN: 978-1-988006-00-0 pps 506-7."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3596531","article-title":"Technical note: Extension of Van Herk's treatment margin model for anisotropic systematic positioning errors in cartesian coordinate systema","volume":"38","author":"Yoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2014.10.076","article-title":"Rotation effects on the target-volume margin determination","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)02749-9","article-title":"Margins for translational and rotational uncertainties: a probability-based approach","volume":"53","author":"Remeijer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.08.005","article-title":"Practical robustness evaluation in radiotherapy - a photon and proton-proof alternative to PTV-based plan evaluation","volume":"141","author":"Korevaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2025.111171","article-title":"Probabilistic evaluation guided IMPT planning with realistic setup and range uncertainties improves the trade-off between OAR sparing and target coverage in neuro-oncological patients","volume":"213","author":"de Jong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.09.038","article-title":"Evaluation of microscopic disease in oral tongue cancer using whole-mount histopathologic techniques: implications for the management of head-and-neck cancers","volume":"82","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ligtenberg H, Willems SM, Ruiter LN, Jager EA, Terhaard CHJ, Raaijmakers CPJ, Philippens MEP. Verification of HE-based CTV in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer using pan-cytokeratin. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2018 Jul 11;12:21\u201327. doi: 10.1016\/j.ctro.2018.07.003. eCollection 2018 Aug. PMID: 30094352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2018.07.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey A, van Herk M, Faivre-Finn C, McWilliam A. Radial Data Mining to Identify Density-Dose Interactions That Predict Distant Failure Following SABR. Front Oncol. 2022 Mar 9;12:838155. doi: 10.3389\/fonc.2022.838155. eCollection 2022. PMID: 35356210.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.838155"}],"container-title":["Radiotherapy and Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016781402600383X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016781402600383X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:49:19Z","timestamp":1783169359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016781402600383X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S016781402600383X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-8140"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-8140","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dependence of planning target volume margins on degrees of freedom and correlations of uncertainties","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Radiotherapy and Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2026.111544","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111544"}}