{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:41:19Z","timestamp":1791362479871,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,21]],"date-time":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rbmsociety.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T17:40:36Z","timestamp":1572111636000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Societal pressures and procreative preferences for gay fathers successfully pursuing parenthood through IVF and gestational carriers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Lindheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody Lyne\u00e9","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Ludwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Kemner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Preston","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Sylvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Pennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.01.008","article-title":"Patient pressure: is the tide of cross-border reproductive care beginning to turn?","volume":"30","author":"Ahuja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-486X.2012.01734.x","article-title":"An overview of surrogacy around the world: trends, questions and ethical issues","volume":"16","author":"Armour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs. Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb5100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.02.107","article-title":"Guidance on the limits to the number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion","volume":"107","author":"ASMR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000583","article-title":"Same-sex and different-sex parent families in Italy: is parents\u2019 sexual orientation associated with child health outcomes and parental dimensions?","volume":"39","author":"Baiocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5172\/jfs.2013.19.1.90","article-title":"Sexual orientation and the desires and intentions to become parents","volume":"19","author":"Baiocco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J461v01n03_01","article-title":"From the margins to the center: gay fathers reconstruct the fathering role","volume":"1","author":"Benson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/15504281003704942","article-title":"Gay men who become fathers vis surrogacy: the transition to parenthood","volume":"6","author":"Bergman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1300\/J041v10n01_04","article-title":"Raising our sons: Gay men as fathers","volume":"10","author":"Bigner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gay Lesbian Soc. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.08.013","article-title":"Gay father surrogacy families: relationships with surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children\u2019s origins. of children\u2019s origins","volume":"106","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J002v14n03_01","article-title":"Homosexuality and family relations","volume":"14","author":"Bozett","year":"1989","journal-title":"Marriage Fam. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.10.010","article-title":"Italian gay fathers\u2019 experiences of transnational surrogacy and their relationship with the surrogate pre- and post-birth","volume":"34","author":"Carone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex362","article-title":"Surrogacy families headed by gay men: relationships with surrogates and egg donors, fathers\u2019 decisions over disclosure and children\u2019s views on their surrogacy origins","volume":"33","author":"Carone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000571","article-title":"Italian gay father families formed by surrogacy: parenting, stigmatization, and children\u2019s psychological adjustment","volume":"54","author":"Carone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1002\/soej.12233","article-title":"Does it get better? Recent estimates of sexual orientation and earnings in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Carpenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"South. Econ. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/14636778.2012.735859","article-title":"Surrogacy, gay male couples and the significance of biogenetic paternity","volume":"32","author":"Dempsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Genet. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.02.051","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive care: a committee opinion","volume":"100","author":"Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/1550428X.2018.1546156","article-title":"Motivations to pursue surrogacy for gay fathers in Canada: a qualitative investigation","author":"Fantus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.04.016","article-title":"FIGO Committee Report: Surrogacy","volume":"102","author":"FIGO","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v24n03_02","article-title":"Essentialism, which essentialism? Some implications of reproductive and genetic techno-science","volume":"24","author":"Franklin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Homosex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0090","first-page":"419","article-title":"The infertility trap: how defeat and entrapment affect depressive symptoms","volume":"31","author":"Galhardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2015.0013","article-title":"Marriage and family: LGBT individuals and same-sex couples","volume":"25","author":"Gates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2012.00992.x","article-title":"The division of labor in lesbian, gay, and heterosexual new adoptive parents","volume":"74","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.05.053","article-title":"Gay men choosing parenthood through assisted reproduction: medical and psychosocial considerations","volume":"95","author":"Greenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.021","article-title":"Oocyte donation recipients of very advanced age: perinatal complications for singletons and twins","volume":"107","author":"Guesdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.08.008","article-title":"Intended parents\u2019 motivations and information and support needs when seeking extraterritorial compensated surrogacy","volume":"31","author":"Hammarberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0125","first-page":"15","article-title":"The \u2018last resort\u2019?: lesbian and gay experiences of the social work assessment process in fostering and adoption","volume":"8","author":"Hicks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc. Work Action"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1300\/J461v02n01_05","article-title":"Maternal men: perverts and deviants? Making sense of gay men as foster carers and adopters","volume":"2","author":"Hicks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. GLBT Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.048","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive care in North America: a pilot study testing a prospective data collection program for in vitro fertilization clinics in Canada and the United States","volume":"105","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1350506819835242","article-title":"Regulating surrogacy in Europe: common problems, divers national laws","author":"Igareda Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Women\u2019s Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e328352140a","article-title":"The global landscape of cross-border reproductive care: twenty key findings for the new millennium","volume":"24","author":"Inhorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2018.10.019","article-title":"A limited market: the recruitment of gay men as surrogacy clients by the infertility industry in the USA","volume":"7","author":"Jacobson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Soc. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg397","article-title":"Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers","volume":"18","author":"Jadva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.53841\/bpslg.2006.7.1.73","article-title":"Gay dads: choosing surrogacy","volume":"7","author":"Lev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lesbian Gay Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0165","series-title":"Gay men choosing parenthood","author":"Mallon","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X14563796","article-title":"Queer intimacies and structural inequalities: new directions in stratified reproduction. 2015 J","volume":"36","author":"Mamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fam. Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0175","series-title":"Surrogate motherhood and the politics of reproduction","author":"Markens","year":"2007"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X13484272","article-title":"The desire for parenthood: gay men choosing to become parents through surrogacy","volume":"34","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610701194788","article-title":"Surrogacy","volume":"27","author":"Nakash","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2013.03.016","article-title":"Gay men seeking surrogacy to achieve parenthood","volume":"27","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.03.050","article-title":"Trends and outcomes of gestational surrogacy in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Perkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex349","article-title":"Antenatal paternal adjustment and paternal attitudes after infertility treatment","volume":"33","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-115","article-title":"Understanding resilience in same-sex parented families: the work, love, play study","volume":"10","author":"Power","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3149\/fth.0703.269","article-title":"Upholding and expanding the normal family: future fatherhood through the eyes of gay male emerging adults","volume":"7","author":"Rabun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fathering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.17140\/GOROJ-1-104","article-title":"The road to fatherhood using assisted reproductive technology: decision making processes and experiences among gay male intended parents and gestational surrogates","volume":"1","author":"Ressler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Res. Open J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-2001.2007.tb01153.x","article-title":"Reassessing the foster-care system: examining the impact of heterosexism on lesbian and gay applicants","volume":"22","author":"Riggs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypathia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2013-100670","article-title":"Gay fathers\u2019 reproductive journeys and parenting experiences: a review of research","volume":"40","author":"Riggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0235","series-title":"A critical approach to surrogacy: reproductive desires and demands","author":"Riggs","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0240","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transition to parenthood and quality of parenting among gay, lesbian and heterosexual couples who conceived through assisted reproduction","author":"Rubio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1300\/J461v01n03_02","article-title":"Gay fathers expanding the possibilities for us all","volume":"1","author":"Schacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0250","series-title":"Gay men increasingly turn to surrogates to have babies","author":"Schoenberg","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0255","series-title":"Surrogate motherhood: The ethics of using human beings","author":"Shannon","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0028-x","article-title":"Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq057","article-title":"Cross border reproductive care in six European countries","volume":"25","author":"Shenfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.4312","article-title":"Affective de-commodifying, economic de-kinning: surrogates\u2019 and gay fathers\u2019 narriatives in USA surrogacy","volume":"22","author":"Smietana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sociol. Res. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0275","series-title":"In the name of the family: Rethinking family values in the postmodern age","author":"Stacey","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew212","article-title":"Parents\u2019 anxiety and depression symptoms after successful infertility treatment and spontaneous conception: does singleton\/twin pregnancy matter?","volume":"31","author":"Tendais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/0167482X.2011.646346","article-title":"Cross-border reproductive services--suggestions for ethically based minimum standards of care in Europe","volume":"33","author":"Thorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/1550428X.2015.1018471","article-title":"Division of labor and relationship quality among male same-sex couples who became fathers via surrogacy","volume":"11","author":"Tornello","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. GLBT Fam. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex339","article-title":"Wellbeing of gay fathers with children born through surrogacy: a comparison with lesbian-mother families and heterosexual IVF parent families","volume":"33","author":"Van Rijn-van Gelderen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1066480714565107","article-title":"The pregnancy experience of gay couples expecting a child through overseas surrogacy","volume":"23","author":"Ziv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Family J."}],"container-title":["Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405661819300139?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405661819300139?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T08:34:54Z","timestamp":1762504494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405661819300139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S2405661819300139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-6618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-6618","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Societal pressures and procreative preferences for gay fathers successfully pursuing parenthood through IVF and gestational carriers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rbms.2019.09.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}