{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T21:01:38Z","timestamp":1780347698873,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Radiologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T20:48:53Z","timestamp":1778014133000},"page":"691-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Intraconal Orbit"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Starc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sassan","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002029","article-title":"Orbital vascular anomalies: a nomenclatorial, etiological, and nosologic conundrum","volume":"38","author":"Tawfik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.10.002","article-title":"A clinicopathological reappraisal of orbital vascular malformations and distinctive GJA4 mutation in cavernous venous malformations","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000176","article-title":"The natural history of orbital cavernous hemangiomas","volume":"31","author":"McNab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.04.019","article-title":"Long term surgical outcomes of orbital cavernous haemangiomas (low-flow venous malformations) as performed in a tertiary eye hospital in China","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.281075040","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the orbit: more than meets the eye","volume":"28","author":"Smoker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2005.02.009","article-title":"Orbital cavernous hemangioma: role of imaging","volume":"15","author":"Ansari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0845","article-title":"Dynamic enhancement features of cavernous sinus cavernous hemangiomas on conventional contrast-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"29","author":"Jinhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2005.03.001","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the orbit in children","volume":"15","author":"Bilaniuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00932-0","article-title":"Orbital tumors in the older adult population","volume":"109","author":"Demirci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3986","article-title":"Orbital lymphoproliferative disorders (OLPDs): value of MR imaging for differentiating orbital lymphoma from benign OPLDs","volume":"35","author":"Haradome","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.08.002","article-title":"Orbital lymphoma","volume":"64","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000229","article-title":"Radiotherapy in the management of orbital lymphoma: a single institution\u2019s experience over 4 decades","volume":"41","author":"Kharod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.11.002","article-title":"Orbital Lymphoma-An international multicenter retrospective study","volume":"199","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2004.04.005","article-title":"MRI patterns in orbital malignant lymphoma and atypical lymphocytic infiltrates","volume":"53","author":"Akansel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70083-X","article-title":"Imaging of orbital lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"37","author":"Valvassori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.059","article-title":"Positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"113","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25349","article-title":"Benign and malignant orbital lymphoproliferative disorders: differentiating using multiparametric MRI at 3.0T","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imag"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002369","article-title":"Orbital involvement in acute adult leukemias: case series and review of literature","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-015-0778-2","article-title":"Bilateral orbital myeloid sarcoma preceding acute myeloid leukemia in an adult: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Vera-Aguilera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702832","article-title":"Orbital schwannomas: findings from magnetic resonance imaging in 62 cases","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib21","article-title":"A rare case of optic nerve schwannoma: case report and review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Ramey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70087-7","article-title":"Peripheral nerve tumors of the orbit","volume":"37","author":"Carroll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1774-y","article-title":"Evaluation of MR imaging findings differentiating cavernous haemangiomas from schwannomas in the orbit","volume":"20","author":"Xian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.336135502","article-title":"Orbital neoplasms in adults: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic review","volume":"33","author":"Tailor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-024-03179-6","article-title":"Orbital histiocytosis; from A to Z","volume":"44","author":"Rajabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.09.004","article-title":"Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the orbit: five clinicopathologic cases and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Herwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-324877","article-title":"Ocular findings in patients with histiocytosis and association with clinical and molecular features","volume":"108","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2022.2087232","article-title":"Erdheim-Chester disease and vemurafenib: a review of ophthalmic presentations and clinical outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib29","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Neuroimaging spectrum of Erdheim-Chester Disease: an image-based review","volume":"46","author":"Rai","year":"2025","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib30","first-page":"1386","article-title":"Rosai-Dorfman disease presenting with isolated bilateral orbital masses: report of two cases","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-020-01184-6","article-title":"Orbit solitary fibrous tumor: a proposed risk prediction model based on a case series and comprehensive literature review","volume":"15","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.5.517","article-title":"Solitary fibrous tumors of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic and radiologic review","volume":"132","author":"Ganly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.01.002","article-title":"Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: the 2002 Montgomery lecture, part 1","volume":"111","author":"Shields","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(92)90135-G","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath meningiomas","volume":"37","author":"Dutton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000609","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of the phakomatoses","volume":"30","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000700","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath meningioma","volume":"31","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.5858\/134.5.766","article-title":"Intraorbital meningiomas: a pathologic review using current World Health Organization criteria","volume":"134","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.07.005","article-title":"Long-term treatment outcomes of patients with primary optic nerve sheath meningioma treated with stereotactic radiotherapy","volume":"68","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC-07\/11\/E4","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath meningioma: current diagnosis and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Eddleman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib40","first-page":"1622","article-title":"Perioptic cyst distal to optic nerve meningioma: MR demonstration","volume":"13","author":"Lindblom","year":"1992","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00454","article-title":"The use of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET\/CT in the non-invasive diagnosis of optic nerve sheath meningioma: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Al Feghali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31739","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath meningiomas in children: diagnostic challenges based on a case series","volume":"72","author":"Ratnasingham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3989","article-title":"Diagnostic errors in initial misdiagnosis of optic nerve sheath meningiomas","volume":"76","author":"Kahraman-Koytak","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00628-8","article-title":"Long-term outcome in children with gliomas of the anterior visual pathway","volume":"28","author":"Tow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"970","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/65246351","article-title":"Radiological classification of optic pathway gliomas: experience of a modified functional classification system","volume":"81","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000587","article-title":"Current treatment of optic nerve gliomas","volume":"30","author":"Farazdaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib47","first-page":"262","article-title":"Optic nerve gliomas in adults: a SEER-based study","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192380","article-title":"The present and future of optic pathway glioma therapy","volume":"12","author":"Dal Bello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.8.PEDS12546","article-title":"The role of surgery in optic pathway\/hypothalamic gliomas in children","volume":"13","author":"Goodden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210116","article-title":"Imaging findings of pediatric orbital masses and tumor mimics","volume":"42","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"877","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.74.877.740024","article-title":"MRI and clinical differences between optic pathway tumours in children with and without neurofibromatosis","volume":"74","author":"Chateil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04745-7","article-title":"Imaging of orbital infectious and inflammatory disease in children","volume":"51","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2015.05.004","article-title":"Orbital complications associated with the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"48","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.04.022","article-title":"Predicting the need for surgical intervention in pediatric orbital cellulitis","volume":"158","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W244","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1838","article-title":"MRI of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"193","author":"Sepahdari","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib56","article-title":"Orbital infections and their complications: a review in images","volume":"67","author":"Martinez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiologia (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160119","article-title":"Demystifying orbital emergencies: a pictorial review","volume":"37","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2021.04.006","article-title":"Extrathyroidal manifestations of thyroid disease: graves eye disease","volume":"31","author":"Debnam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000132","article-title":"The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease","volume":"34","author":"Shan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuro Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910434","article-title":"Teprotumumab for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease","volume":"382","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2008.03.003","article-title":"Extrathyroidal manifestations of thyroid disease: thyroid ophthalmopathy","volume":"18","author":"Parmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01258-w","article-title":"Asymmetry indicates more severe and active disease in Graves\u2019 orbitopathy: results from a prospective cross-sectional multicentre study","volume":"43","author":"Perros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-197903060-00019","article-title":"Appearance of Graves\u2019 disease on orbital computed tomography","volume":"3","author":"Enzmann","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000633","article-title":"Levator muscle enlargement in thyroid eye disease-related upper eyelid retraction","volume":"33","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2020.1817100","article-title":"Radiographic analysis of fatty infiltration of the extraocular muscles in thyroid eye disease","volume":"41","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302825","article-title":"Classification of orbital morphology for decompression surgery in Graves\u2019 orbitopathy: two-dimensional versus three-dimensional orbital parameters","volume":"97","author":"Borumandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/197140091302600509","article-title":"Disease activity in Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy: diagnosis with orbital MR imaging and correlation with clinical score","volume":"26","author":"Tortora","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRadiol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e3181a07567","article-title":"Orbital pseudotumor","volume":"33","author":"Mendenhall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031553","article-title":"Nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI): unraveling the molecular pathogenesis, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic interventions","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092311","article-title":"IgG4-Related orbital disease vs. idiopathic orbital inflammation: clinical features, therapy and outcomes in a Central-European retrospective single-center cohort","volume":"13","author":"Rattunde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.11.034","article-title":"Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: MR imaging features in 15 patients with 20 episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia","volume":"69","author":"Schuknecht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-024-01072-4","article-title":"The 2023 revised diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related ophthalmic disease","volume":"68","author":"Takahira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70084-1","article-title":"Pseudotumor of the orbit. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic evaluation","volume":"37","author":"Weber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3147","article-title":"MR imaging of IgG4-related disease in the head and neck and brain","volume":"33","author":"Toyoda","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.241035076","article-title":"Radiologic manifestations of sarcoidosis in various organs","volume":"24","author":"Koyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib76","first-page":"2349","article-title":"CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73824-3","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the eyelid skin","volume":"119","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00132-4","article-title":"Conjunctival deposits as an initial manifestation of sarcoidosis","volume":"128","author":"Dithmar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000183486.93259.c9","article-title":"Peripheral ulcerative keratitis in sarcoidosis: a case report","volume":"25","author":"Siracuse-Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30417-X","article-title":"Prognosticators for visual outcome in sarcoid uveitis","volume":"103","author":"Dana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib81","first-page":"184","article-title":"Retinal changes in sarcoidosis","volume":"10","author":"Letocha","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00274-6","article-title":"Chest X-ray and uveitis evaluation in a population with low incidence of sarcoidosis","volume":"9","author":"Yemm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910030475008","article-title":"Sarcoidosis with optic nerve and retinal involvement","volume":"94","author":"Gass","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Radiologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033838926000436?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033838926000436?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:15:05Z","timestamp":1780344905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033838926000436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033838926000436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-8389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-8389","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Intraconal Orbit","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Radiologic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rcl.2026.03.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}