{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1777322916566,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1392908524000},"page":"375-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Emerging Therapies for Gout"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"N. Lawrence","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30520","article-title":"Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9627","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60799-0","article-title":"Use of oral prednisolone or naproxen for the treatment of gout arthritis: a double-blind, randomized equivalence trial","volume":"371","author":"Janssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27327","article-title":"High vs low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: twenty-four hour outcome results of the first randomized, placebo-controlled, dose comparison colchicine trial","volume":"62","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.055269","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21772","article-title":"American College of Rheumatology. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia","volume":"64","author":"Khanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050373","article-title":"Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout","volume":"353","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0154-6","article-title":"Quality of care in patients with gout: why is management suboptimal and what can be done about it?","volume":"13","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23007","article-title":"Lowering serum uric acid levels: what is the optimal target for improving clinical outcomes in gout?","volume":"57","author":"Perez-Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10511","article-title":"Effect of urate-lowering therapy on the velocity of size reduction of tophi in chronic gout","volume":"47","author":"Perez-Ruiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib10","first-page":"104","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Lesinurad (RDEA594), a novel uricosuric agent, given in combination with allopurinol in allopurinol-refractory gout patients: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2B study","volume":"70","author":"Perez-Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib11","first-page":"188","article-title":"Lesinurad (DEA594), a novel uricosuric agent, in combination with febuxostat shows significant additive urate-lowering effects in gout patients with 100% response achieved for all combination dose regimens","volume":"70","author":"Fleishmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib12","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick D, Drummond W, Pappas J, et\u00a0al. Effects of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, BCX4208, on serum uric acid concentrations in patients with gout. ACR\/ARHP Annual Meeting. 2010. Abst 150."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib13","first-page":"183","article-title":"BCX4208 shows synergistic reductions in serum uric acid in gout patients when combined with allopurinol","volume":"70","author":"Hollister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib14","first-page":"174","article-title":"Urate-lowering therapy: uricosurics","author":"O\u2019Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0473","article-title":"MBX-102\/JNJ39659100, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ligand with weak transactivation activity retains antidiabetic properties in the absence of weight gain and edema","volume":"23","author":"Gregoire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.082222","article-title":"Crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate enhance lipopolysaccharide-induced release of interleukin 1\u03b2 by mononuclear cells through a caspase 1-mediated process","volume":"68","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04516","article-title":"Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome","volume":"440","author":"Martinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2143","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study of IL-1 inhibition by anakinra in acute gout","volume":"9","author":"So","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.11.004","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 activation during acute joint inflammation: a limited role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in\u00a0vivo","volume":"78","author":"Joosten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30105","article-title":"The emerging role of interleukin-1\u03b2 in autoinflammatory disease","volume":"63","author":"Lachmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21989","article-title":"Treatment of acute gouty arthritis in complex hospitalized patients with anakinra","volume":"65","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.04.009","article-title":"Efficacy but side effects of anakinra therapy for chronic refractory gout in a renal transplant recipient with preterminal chronic renal failure","volume":"79","author":"Direz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01629.x","article-title":"Interleukin-1 inhibition by anakinra in refractory chronic tophaceous gout","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq358","article-title":"First observation of the efficacy of IL-1ra to treat tophaceous gout of the lumbar spine","volume":"50","author":"Funck-Brentano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2010.03.001","article-title":"Anakinra\u2019s efficacy is variable in refractory gout: report of ten cases","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181be2423","article-title":"IL-1 inhibition with anakinra in a patient with refractory gout","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24694","article-title":"Case of anakinra as a steroid-sparing agent for gout inflammation","volume":"61","author":"Gratton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200908","article-title":"Canakinumab for acute gouty arthritis in patients with limited treatment options: results from two randomized, multicenter, active-controlled, double-blind trials and their initial extensions","volume":"71","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.108936","article-title":"The IL-1 inhibitor rilonacept in treatment of chronic gouty arthritis: results of a placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study","volume":"68","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R25","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4159","article-title":"Rilonacept in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial using indomethacin as the active comparator","volume":"15","author":"Terkeltaub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket114","article-title":"Rilonacept for gout flare prevention during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy: results from the PRESURGE-2 international, phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Mitha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.144063","article-title":"Canakinumab reduces the risk of acute gouty arthritis flares during initiation of allopurinol treatment: results of a double-blind, randomized study","volume":"70","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2009.163","article-title":"Melanocortin peptide therapy for the treatment of arthritic pathologies","volume":"9","author":"Getting","year":"2009","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.09.009","article-title":"ACTH as first line treatment for acute gout in 181 hospitalized patients","volume":"80","author":"Daoussis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.111344","volume":"321","author":"Wannamaker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib36","first-page":"10","article-title":"Work productivity loss due to flares in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy","volume":"14","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Econ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2509","article-title":"Developments in the scientific and clinical understanding of gout","volume":"10","author":"So","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21690","article-title":"Rilonacept (interleukin-1 trap) for prevention of gout flares during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy: Results from a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, confirmatory efficacy study","volume":"64","author":"Schumacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis care & Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27600","article-title":"Canakinumab for the treatment of acute flares in difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis: Results of a multicenter, phase II, dose-ranging study","volume":"62","author":"So","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"}],"container-title":["Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889857X14000143?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889857X14000143?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T11:13:40Z","timestamp":1760181220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889857X14000143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889857X14000143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.727303301.793528704","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0889-857X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-857X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Emerging Therapies for Gout","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}