{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:29:46Z","timestamp":1760189386775,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,10]],"date-time":"2014-06-10T01:45:36Z","timestamp":1402364736000},"page":"475-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pathogenesis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis in Lupus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Maureen","family":"McMahon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Skaggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90431-9","article-title":"The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"60","author":"Urowitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib2","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Mortality studies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results from a single center. II. Predictor variables for mortality","volume":"22","author":"Abu-Shakra","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.12.002","article-title":"The epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among patients with SLE: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009122","article-title":"Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with the Framingham Study","volume":"145","author":"Manzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080373","article-title":"Poor outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21955","article-title":"Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"54","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2001","article-title":"The immune system in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828244","article-title":"The endothelium in atherogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Hunt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.04.005","article-title":"Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"145","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.222","article-title":"HDL and cardiovascular disease: atherogenic and atheroprotective mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Navab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118345","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory HDL becomes pro-inflammatory during the acute phase response. Loss of protective effect of HDL against LDL oxidation in aortic wall cell cocultures","volume":"96","author":"Van Lenten","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21976","article-title":"Proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"54","author":"McMahon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 13","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib13","first-page":"223","article-title":"Morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Gladman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828208","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Aranow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90578-Y","article-title":"Risk factors for coronary artery disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"93","author":"Petri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20622","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA). XXIII. Baseline predictors of vascular events","volume":"50","author":"Toloza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307081113","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and coronary artery disease risk factors at diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: data from an international inception cohort","volume":"16","author":"Urowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib18","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Smoking interferes with efficacy of antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27289","article-title":"The protective effect of antimalarial drugs on thrombovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480070077035","article-title":"Secondary dyslipidemia. Inadvertent effects of drugs in clinical practice","volume":"267","author":"Henkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339700600610","article-title":"Dyslipoproteinemias in systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of disease, activity, and anticardiolipin antibodies","volume":"6","author":"Borba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2331::AID-ART395>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Esdaile","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306071870","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk scores and the presence of subclinical coronary artery atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11296","article-title":"Risk factors for coronary heart disease in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: the Toronto Risk Factor Study","volume":"48","author":"Bruce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70135-6","article-title":"Hopkins Lupus Cohort. 1999 update","volume":"26","author":"Petri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199905000-00003","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 5-year period. A multicenter prospective study of 1,000 patients. European Working Party on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"Cervera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20122","article-title":"Atherosclerotic vascular events in a multinational inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Urowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker339","article-title":"Ability of non-fasting and fasting triglycerides to predict coronary artery disease in lupus patients","volume":"51","author":"Touma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R156","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3473","article-title":"Importance of cumulative exposure to elevated cholesterol and blood pressure in development of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective proof-of-concept cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Nikpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311425524","article-title":"Cardiovascular event in systemic lupus erythematosus in northern Sweden: incidence and predictors in a 7-year follow-up study","volume":"21","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker307","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus risk factors for coronary artery calcifications","volume":"51","author":"Romero-Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199901)42:1<51::AID-ANR7>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of carotid plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"42","author":"Manzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22924","article-title":"Rate and determinants of progression of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"56","author":"Roman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker285","article-title":"Predictors of progression in atherosclerosis over 2 years in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"50","author":"Kiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38204","article-title":"A\u00a0panel of biomarkers is associated with increased risk of the presence and progression of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"66","author":"McMahon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1640-9","article-title":"Increased risk of death in pediatric and adult patients with ESRD secondary to lupus","volume":"26","author":"Sule","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21967","article-title":"Homocysteine levels and disease duration independently correlate with coronary artery calcification in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"54","author":"Von Feldt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24469","article-title":"Premature atherosclerosis in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness in the atherosclerosis prevention in pediatric lupus erythematosus cohort","volume":"60","author":"Schanberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.11.1071","article-title":"Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in a prospective cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Doria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker186","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for coronary artery calcification following kidney transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"50","author":"Norby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24677","article-title":"Dysfunctional pro-inflammatory high density lipoproteins confer increased risk for atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"60","author":"McMahon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035471","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Roman","year":"2003","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23196","article-title":"Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"58","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104349","article-title":"The factors involved in the progress of preclinical atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a two year longitudinal study","volume":"69","author":"Rua-Figueroa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.9.846","article-title":"Factors associated with coronary artery calcification in young female patients with SLE","volume":"62","author":"Manger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090306","article-title":"Risk factors for clinical coronary heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: the lupus and atherosclerosis evaluation of risk (LASER) study","volume":"37","author":"Haque","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib47","article-title":"Risk factors in the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","author":"Lertratanakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70239-X","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Urbanus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20578","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): XXII. Predictors of time to the occurrence of initial damage","volume":"50","author":"Toloza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309360541","article-title":"Update on anti-phospholipid antibodies in SLE: the Hopkins' Lupus Cohort","volume":"19","author":"Petri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035611","article-title":"Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Asanuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.13.1813","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"103","author":"Ridker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.9.1386","article-title":"C-reactive protein frequently colocalizes with the terminal complement complex in the intima of early atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries","volume":"18","author":"Torzewski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"21 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib54","first-page":"II11","article-title":"CRP as a mediator of disease","volume":"109","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2531","article-title":"Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs","volume":"103","author":"Pasceri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep102","article-title":"Predictors of cardiovascular damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA (LXVIII), a multiethnic US cohort","volume":"48","author":"Pons-Estel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R46","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3759","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, a prospective cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11418","article-title":"Comparison of risk factors for vascular disease in the carotid artery and aorta in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"50","author":"Selzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25009","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators and premature coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"61","author":"Rho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1346","article-title":"Vascular abnormalities, paraoxonase activity, and dysfunctional HDL in primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"302","author":"Charakida","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33462-3","article-title":"Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: steps 2 and 3","volume":"41","author":"Navab","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lipid Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10542","article-title":"Antibodies to high-density lipoprotein and beta2-glycoprotein I are inversely correlated with paraoxonase activity in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Delgado Alves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.016","article-title":"Antibodies toward high-density lipoprotein components inhibit paraoxonase activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"1108","author":"Batuca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.009","article-title":"Reduced paraoxonase1 activity is a risk for atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"1108","author":"Kiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.224","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of leptin","volume":"7","author":"Sweeney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2545","article-title":"Innate immunity modulates adipokines in humans","volume":"92","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-002-0216-9","article-title":"Serum leptin levels in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Garcia-Gonzalez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0526-7","article-title":"Serum leptin in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Wislowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib69","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Altered levels of adipocytokines in association with insulin resistance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"33","author":"Sada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep030","article-title":"Adipokines as novel biomarkers in paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"48","author":"Al","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.142737","article-title":"High plasma leptin levels confer increased risk of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus, and are associated with inflammatory oxidised lipids","volume":"70","author":"McMahon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.007","article-title":"Association of plasma soluble E-selectin and adiponectin with carotid plaque in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"210","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309103582","article-title":"Adipocytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to inflammation, insulin resistance and coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.4.1107","article-title":"Carotid artery intimal-medial wall thickening and plasma homocyst(e)ine in asymptomatic adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"87","author":"Malinow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(80)90175-9","article-title":"Homocysteine-induced endothelial cell injury in\u00a0vitro: a model for the study of vascular injury","volume":"18","author":"Wall","year":"1980","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116187","article-title":"Adverse vascular effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and related oxides of nitrogen","volume":"91","author":"Stamler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.22.2717","article-title":"Homocysteine induces expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in human aortic endothelial cells: implications for vascular disease","volume":"103","author":"Poddar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0496-386","article-title":"Homocysteine and vascular disease","volume":"2","author":"McCully","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116532","article-title":"Homocysteine-induced modulation of tissue plasminogen activator binding to its endothelial cell membrane receptor","volume":"91","author":"Hajjar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199910000-00006","article-title":"Homocysteine and atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Gerhard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.162743","article-title":"Homocysteine or renal impairment: which is the real cardiovascular risk factor?","volume":"28","author":"Potter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749609069986","article-title":"Thrombosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort perspective","volume":"25","author":"Petri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1191\/096120300678828226","article-title":"Detection of coronary artery disease and the role of traditional risk factors in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort","volume":"9","author":"Petri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4101.097518","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"104","author":"Svenungsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670200115","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinaemia and risk of thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"21","author":"Refai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.05.040","article-title":"Relation of carotid intima-media thickness and plaque with incident cardiovascular events in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"112","author":"Kao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080776","article-title":"Myocardial perfusion imaging in assessing risk of coronary events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"36","author":"Nikpour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000136807.78534.50","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in women","volume":"110","author":"El-Magadmi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21400","article-title":"Obesity is an independent contributor to functional capacity and inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"52","author":"Oeser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.09.019","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"4","author":"Ishimori","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0114-1","article-title":"Quality-of-life measurements versus disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Kiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib92","first-page":"1502","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine is a marker of poor prognosis and coronary calcium in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Kiani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307083313","article-title":"Aspirin therapy and thromboxane biosynthesis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Avalos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22480","article-title":"Factors determining participation in prevention trials among systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a qualitative study","volume":"57","author":"Costenbader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0270","article-title":"Therapy insight: systemic lupus erythematosus as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"2","author":"Haque","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.19.2560","article-title":"The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report","volume":"289","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21441","article-title":"Barriers to a trial of atherosclerosis prevention in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"53","author":"Costenbader","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken208","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay the occurrence of renal involvement and are associated with a decreased risk of disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus\u2013results from LUMINA (LIX): a multiethnic US cohort","volume":"47","author":"Duran-Barragan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.113696","article-title":"EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis","volume":"69","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823fa7d9","article-title":"Premature atherosclerosis is associated with hypovitaminosis D and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor non-use in lupus patients","volume":"344","author":"Ravenell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib101","first-page":"892","article-title":"Antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"37","author":"Kitamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-008-0895-5","article-title":"Drug-induced lupus erythematosus","volume":"301","author":"Vedove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203308096663","article-title":"A\u00a0controlled comparison of brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) and digital pulse amplitude tonometry (PAT) in the assessment of endothelial function in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Aizer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511163332001","article-title":"Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group","volume":"333","author":"Shepherd","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosissup.2004.08.029","article-title":"Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. 1995","volume":"5","author":"Shepherd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atheroscler Suppl"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.20.1615","article-title":"Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS\/TexCAPS. Air Force\/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study","volume":"279","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.2.171","article-title":"Oxidized low-density lipoproteins inhibit endothelial cell proliferation by suppressing basic fibroblast growth factor expression","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.3.1524","article-title":"A\u00a0novel anti-inflammatory role for simvastatin in inflammatory arthritis","volume":"170","author":"Leung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00321-8","article-title":"Atorvastatin reduces plasma MCP-1 in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-007-0341-6","article-title":"A\u00a0pravastatin dose-escalation study in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Costenbader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.3028","article-title":"Simvastatin treatment ameliorates autoimmune disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in a murine lupus model","volume":"177","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.7.1758","article-title":"Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). A population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries","volume":"92","author":"Salonen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133317.49796.0E","article-title":"Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines","volume":"110","author":"Grundy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib114","first-page":"162","article-title":"Effects of statins on proinflammatory\/prothrombotic biomarkers and on disease activity scores in SLE patients: data from LUMINA (LXXVI), a multi-ethnic US cohort","volume":"32","author":"Willis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R117","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3402","article-title":"Influence of atorvastatin on coronary calcifications and myocardial perfusion defects in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Plazak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem186","article-title":"Atorvastatin therapy improves endothelial-dependent vasodilation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: an 8 weeks controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib117","first-page":"S520","article-title":"Lupus atherosclerosis prevention study (LAPS): a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of atorvastatin versus placebo","volume":"54","author":"Petri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib118","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Does Atorvastatin Reduce Progression of Carotid Intimal Medial Thickening (CIMT) in Childhood SLE? Results from the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Pediatric Lupus (APPLE) Trial: a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"62","author":"Schanberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.005","article-title":"Effects of statin therapy on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"177","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"4A","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.06.006","article-title":"Recent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Update: adjustments and options","volume":"96","author":"Stone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306071872","article-title":"Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.068676","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine on the survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA L)","volume":"66","author":"Alarcon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib123","first-page":"325","article-title":"The cholesterol lowering effect of antimalarial drugs is enhanced in patients with lupus taking corticosteroid drugs","volume":"26","author":"Rahman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203396005001051","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine use in the Baltimore Lupus Cohort: effects on lipids, glucose and thrombosis","volume":"5","author":"Petri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090994","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and glycemia in women with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"37","author":"Penn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780301219","article-title":"Does hydroxychloroquine sulfate prevent clot formation in systemic lupus erythematosus?","volume":"30","author":"Wallace","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093013","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from a large, multi-ethnic cohort","volume":"68","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.4.1075","article-title":"Vascular stiffness in women with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"37","author":"Selzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2174\/187152807783334300","article-title":"TLR7\/9 antagonists as therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory disorders","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm485","article-title":"Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in people with chronic kidney disease\u2013results of the renal Hope-2 study","volume":"23","author":"Mann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib131","first-page":"813","article-title":"Atherosclerotic vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"94","author":"Liang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199209000-00004","article-title":"Coronary artery disease risk factors in the Johns Hopkins Lupus Cohort: prevalence, recognition by patients, and preventive practices","volume":"71","author":"Petri","year":"1992","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2009.07.003","article-title":"Effects of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and ratio of apo\/holo-activities of angiotensin converting enzyme in patients with taste impairment","volume":"37","author":"Takaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061042","article-title":"The effect of mycophenolate mofetil on disease development in the gld.apoE (-\/-) mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"8","author":"Richez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib135","first-page":"1314","article-title":"N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship with inflammation, augmentation index, and coronary calcification","volume":"35","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1423.023","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil and atherosclerosis: results of animal and human studies","volume":"1110","author":"Gibson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E28","DOI":"10.1161\/hy1101.099502","article-title":"Comparative effects of ramipril on ambulatory and office blood pressures: a HOPE Substudy","volume":"38","author":"Svensson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2459","article-title":"Clinical, public health, and research implications of the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study","volume":"22","author":"Yusuf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib139","article-title":"Effect of interleukin-6 receptor blockade on surrogates of vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: MEASURE, a randomised, placebo-controlled study","author":"McInnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib140","first-page":"359","article-title":"Annexin A5 as independent predictive biomarker for subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"59","author":"Valer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27392","article-title":"Relationship of asymmetric dimethylarginine and homocysteine to vascular aging in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"62","author":"Perna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.026","article-title":"Hemorheological parameters are related to subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"219","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib143","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Novel cardiovascular risk factors in premature coronary atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Rho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313517405","article-title":"Circulating FABP4 is a marker of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in SLE patients","volume":"23","author":"Parra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037000","article-title":"Type I interferons are associated with subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"7","author":"Somers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23035","article-title":"Type I interferon as a novel risk factor for endothelial progenitor cell depletion and endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2875-0","article-title":"Higher circulating levels of OxLDL % of LDL are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"34","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.8.883","article-title":"Arterial disease in lupus and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: association with anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies but not with antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein","volume":"37","author":"Romero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301667475689","article-title":"Anti-oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (OxLDL) antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Hayem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.121173","article-title":"Low levels of antibodies against oxidized but not nonoxidized cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine are associated with atherosclerotic plaques in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Su","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R214","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3193","article-title":"Increased prevalence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and low levels of natural IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Anania","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-009-0035-z","article-title":"Epidemiology of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"Nikpour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R186","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2878","article-title":"Predictors of the first cardiovascular event in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus - a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889857X14000386?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889857X14000386?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T11:13:43Z","timestamp":1760181223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889857X14000386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889857X14000386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-857X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0889-857X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathogenesis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis in Lupus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}