{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:31:45Z","timestamp":1779244305926,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T18:01:34Z","timestamp":1432144894000},"page":"399-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Management of Systemic Sclerosis-Related Skin Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Volkmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Furst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"LeRoy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American College of Rheumatology\/European League against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"65","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib3","series-title":"Systemic sclerosis","first-page":"129","article-title":"Cutaneous involvement in systemic sclerosis","author":"Clements","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270202","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory associations of anticentromere antibody in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Steen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(03)00023-1","article-title":"Natural history of systemic sclerosis and the assessment of disease activity, severity, functional status, and psychologic well-being","volume":"29","author":"Medsgar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1053\/sarh.2001.20268","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis in 3 US ethnic groups: a comparison of clinical, sociodemographic, serologic, and immunogenetic determinants","volume":"30","author":"Reveille","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.5.323","article-title":"Vasculitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and severe digital ischaemia requiring amputation","volume":"53","author":"Herrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib8","first-page":"84","article-title":"The modified Rodnan skin score is an accurate reflection of skin biopsy thickness in systemic sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Furst","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330828","article-title":"Skin score. A semiquantitative measure of cutaneous involvement that improves prediction of prognosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Clements","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.050187","article-title":"Minimally important difference in diffuse systemic sclerosis: results from the D-penicillamine study","volume":"65","author":"Khanna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2007.00116.x","article-title":"Ultrasound as an outcome measure to assess disease activity in disorders of skin thickening: an example of the use of radiologic technique to assess skin disease","volume":"20","author":"Bendeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130528","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy for prediction of novel future severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199806000-00003","article-title":"Histopathological differentiation between localized and systemic sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711660307","article-title":"Sequential dermal microvascular and perivascular changes in the development of scleroderma","volume":"166","author":"Prescott","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.127621","article-title":"Skin thickness progression rate: a predictor of mortality and early internal organ involvement in diffuse scleroderma","volume":"70","author":"Domsic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2828::AID-ART470>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Improvement in skin thickening in systemic sclerosis associated with improved survival","volume":"44","author":"Steen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep108","article-title":"Skin disease: a cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Krieg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib18","first-page":"S66","article-title":"Methotrexate (MTX) in scleroderma: experience in ten patients","volume":"33","author":"Bode","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib19","first-page":"1763","article-title":"Low dose methotrexate treatment in systemic sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 16","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib20","first-page":"R35","article-title":"Pilot trial of methotrexate (MTX) in treatment of early diffuse scleroderma","volume":"37","author":"Seibold","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.4.364","article-title":"Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial","volume":"35","author":"van den Hoogen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1351::AID-ART227>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma","volume":"44","author":"Pope","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.071169","article-title":"Shifting our thinking about uncommon disease trials: the case of methotrexate in scleroderma","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096677","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR)","volume":"68","author":"Kowal-Bielecka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055120","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease","volume":"354","author":"Tashkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200702-326OC","article-title":"Effects of 1-year treatment with cyclophosphamide on outcomes at 2 years in scleroderma lung disease","volume":"176","author":"Tashkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.12.009","article-title":"Adverse events during the Scleroderma Lung Study","volume":"124","author":"Furst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0326-2","article-title":"Updated on stem cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: recent trial results","volume":"15","author":"Naraghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.6.577","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of autologous stem cell transplantation in systemic sclerosis: procedure related mortality and impact on skin disease","volume":"60","author":"Binks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.011205","article-title":"Autologous stem cell transplantation in the treatment of systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Farge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21908","article-title":"Allogeneic marrow transplantation in patients with severe systemic sclerosis: resolution of dermal fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Nash","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.071464","article-title":"Long-term follow-up results after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Vonk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.6368","article-title":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"311","author":"van Laar","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.38.4.356","article-title":"Measurement of clinical change in progressive systemic sclerosis: a 1 year double-blind placebo-controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine","volume":"38","author":"Furst","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1194::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"High-dose versus low-dose D-penicillamine in early diffuse systemic sclerosis: analysis of a two-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Clements","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22289","article-title":"Recombinant human anti-transforming growth factor beta1 antibody therapy in systemic sclerosis: a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I\/II trial of CAT-192","volume":"56","author":"Denton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24380","article-title":"Recombinant human relaxin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis with diffuse cutaneous involvement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Khanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199902)42:2<299::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Interferon-alpha does not improve outcome at one year in patients with diffuse cutaneous scleroderma: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Black","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30549","article-title":"Imatinib in active diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: Results of a six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept pilot study at a single center","volume":"63","author":"Pope","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27466","article-title":"Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial of bosentan in interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Seibold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096123","article-title":"An open-label pilot study of infliximab therapy in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Denton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.13.173","article-title":"Potential use of TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors in systemic sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Murdaca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23501","volume":"58","author":"Postlethwaite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12319","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1635114100","article-title":"Systemic and cell type-specific gene expression patterns in scleroderma skin","volume":"100","author":"Whitfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.060205","article-title":"B-lymphocyte depletion reduces skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse model for systemic sclerosis","volume":"169","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.095463","article-title":"Rituximab in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: an open-label clinical and histopathological study","volume":"69","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204522","article-title":"Effects and safety of rituximab in systemic sclerosis: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) group","volume":"74","author":"Jordan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep093","article-title":"Experience with rituximab in scleroderma: results from a 1-year, proof-of-principle study","volume":"49","author":"Daoussis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02642.x","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine levels in systemic sclerosis: relationship with cutaneous and internal organ involvement","volume":"138","author":"Scala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200955","article-title":"Clinical and pathological significance of interleukin 6 overexpression in systemic sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202657","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis-associated polyarthritis and myopathy treated with tocilizumab or abatacept: a EUSTAR observational study","volume":"72","author":"Elhai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq275","article-title":"The skin of patients with systemic sclerosis softened during the treatment with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab","volume":"49","author":"Shima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib53","unstructured":"Khanna D, Denton CP, van Laar JM, et\u00a0al. Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab in adults with systemic sclerosis: Week 24 data from a Phase 2\/3 Trial. Abstract presentation at the American College of Rheumatology Annual Meeting. Boston, November 15\u201318, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20195","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin modulates cutaneous involvement and reduces skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: an open-label study","volume":"50","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.2.175","article-title":"Fibrosis regression induced by intravenous gammaglobulin treatment","volume":"62","author":"Amital","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib56","first-page":"2599","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of mycophenolate in systemic sclerosis: a systemic review","volume":"65","author":"Omair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep295","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective open-label study of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Derk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111229","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective observational study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset","volume":"39","author":"Medoza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.01.003","article-title":"Treatment of systemic sclerosis complications: what to use when first-line treatment fails\u2013a consensus of systemic sclerosis experts","volume":"42","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203674","article-title":"Treatment of diffuse systemic sclerosis with hyperimmune caprine serum (AIMSPRO): a phase II double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"73","author":"Quillinan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.561","article-title":"Comparison of intravenous infusions of iloprost and oral nifedipine in treatment of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double blind randomised study","volume":"298","author":"Rademaker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib62","first-page":"503","article-title":"Effects of long-term cyclic iloprost therapy in systemic sclerosis with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. A randomized, controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Scorza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199804)41:4<670::AID-ART14>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Oral iloprost treatment in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"41","author":"Wigley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq291","article-title":"Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial","volume":"49","author":"Shenoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30195","article-title":"Modified-release sildenafil reduces Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon attack frequency in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Herrick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2271","article-title":"Vardenafil for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study","volume":"172","author":"Caglayan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24351","article-title":"MQX-503, a novel formulation of nitroglycerin, improves the severity of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2646::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Losartan therapy for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Dziadzio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib69","article-title":"Prazosin for Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.9.1038","article-title":"Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine","volume":"40","author":"Coleiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193413516242","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of the use of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of Raynaud's syndrome associated with scleroderma","volume":"39","author":"Uppal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.09.008","article-title":"Two faces of the same coin: Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Galluccio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130658","article-title":"Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib74","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Intravenous iloprost treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Wigley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib75","first-page":"S968","article-title":"Digital ischemic ulcers in scleroderma treated with oral treprostinil diethanolamine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study","volume":"63","author":"Seibold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib76","first-page":"1694","article-title":"Ischemic scleroderma wounds successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy","volume":"33","author":"Markus","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib77","first-page":"51","article-title":"Vitamin E gel reduces time of healing of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Fiori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib78","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers","volume":"35","author":"Abou-Raya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2009.08.002","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: bilateral improvement of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon with unilateral digital sympathectomy","volume":"40","author":"Wasserman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1013","article-title":"Surgery for ischemic pain and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in scleroderma: a description of treatment protocol and evaluation of results","volume":"21","author":"Tomaino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650170080035","article-title":"Cutaneous calcinosis of scleroderma. Successful treatment with intralesional adrenal steroids","volume":"118","author":"Hazen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01166.x","article-title":"Digital calcification in systemic sclerosis: effective treatment with good tissue preservation using the carbon dioxide laser","volume":"135","author":"Bottomley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.12.035","article-title":"Treatment of calcinosis cutis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy","volume":"66","author":"Sultan-Bichat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-013-0224-z","article-title":"Surgical management of digital calcinosis in CREST syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Merlino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu006","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of intense pulsed light and laser treatment of telangiectases in patients with systemic sclerosis: a within-subject randomized trial","volume":"53","author":"Dinsdale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.11.007","article-title":"Treatment of systemic sclerosis-associated calcinosis: a case report of rituximab-induced regression of CREST-related calcinosis and review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Daoussis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70077-5","article-title":"Topical calcipotriene for morphea\/linear scleroderma","volume":"39","author":"Cunningham","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000367707","article-title":"A\u00a0patient with localized scleroderma successfully treated with etretinate","volume":"6","author":"Shima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381117","article-title":"Treatment of calcinosis with diltiazem","volume":"38","author":"Palmieri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.4.252","article-title":"Clinical significance of subcutaneous calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Does diltiazem induce its regression?","volume":"57","author":"Vayssairat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889857X15000253?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889857X15000253?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T11:14:53Z","timestamp":1760181293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889857X15000253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889857X15000253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-857X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-857X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Management of Systemic Sclerosis-Related Skin Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}