{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:18:05Z","timestamp":1791314285075,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":239,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000774","name":"Newcastle University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C0241N3010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C0241N3010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"North Eastern Skin Research Fund","award":["RES\/0241\/7536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES\/0241\/7536"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre","award":["BH120752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BH120752"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Redox Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T16:42:05Z","timestamp":1409244125000},"page":"1016-1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A role for human mitochondrial complex II in the production of reactive oxygen species in human skin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alasdair","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Jayne","family":"Boulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Birch-Machin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2012.11.007","article-title":"Stressed out mitochondria: the role of mitochondria in ageing and cancer focussing on strategies and opportunities in human skin","volume":"13","author":"Tulah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080318","article-title":"Ultraviolet A within sunlight induces mutations in the epidermal basal layer of engineered human skin","volume":"174","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05185g","article-title":"The specificity of UVA-induced DNA damage in human melanocytes","volume":"11","author":"Mouret","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences: Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gep061","article-title":"How mitochondria record the effects of UV exposure and oxidative stress using human skin as a model tissue","volume":"25","author":"Birch-Machin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species","volume":"417","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20575","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer","volume":"51","author":"De Moura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15345","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.22.15345","article-title":"Singlet oxygen mediates the UVA-induced generation of the photoaging-associated mitochondrial common deletion","volume":"274","author":"Berneburg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00099.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human skin reflect photo-rather than chronologic aging","volume":"110","author":"Birch-Machin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23457.x","article-title":"The use of a 3895bp mitochondrial DNA deletion as a marker for sunlight exposure in human skin","volume":"123","author":"Krishnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.01.003","article-title":"The sites and topology of mitochondrial superoxide production","volume":"45","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.004","article-title":"Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species","volume":"47","author":"Kowaltowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.167","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes: apoptosis sensors mutated in cancer?","volume":"30","author":"Lemarie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4644(20010201)80:2<216::AID-JCB100>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Role of mitochondria in ultraviolet-induced oxidative stress","volume":"80","author":"Gniadecki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2005.03.012","article-title":"Characterization of superoxide production sites in isolated rat brain and skeletal muscle mitochondria","volume":"59","author":"Kudin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01338-07","article-title":"Loss of the SdhB, but not the SdhA, subunit of complex II triggers reactive oxygen species-dependent hypoxia-inducible factor activation and tumorigenesis","volume":"28","author":"Guzy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27255","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.374629","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex II can generate reactive oxygen species at high rates in both the forward and reverse reactions","volume":"287","author":"Quinlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(02)00060-3","article-title":"1-Trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-\u03b2-carboline (TaClo) and related derivatives: chemistry and biochemical effects on catecholamine biosynthesis","volume":"10","author":"Bringmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511270200","article-title":"3-Nitropropionic acid is a suicide inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that, upon oxidation by complex II, forms a covalent adduct with a catalytic base arginine in the active site of the enzyme","volume":"281","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.10.033","article-title":"3-Nitropropionic acid-induced hydrogen peroxide, mitochondrial DNA damage, and cell death are attenuated by Bcl-2 overexpression in PC12 cells","volume":"133","author":"Mandavilli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib20","first-page":"120","article-title":"Age-dependent vulnerability of the striatal mitochondrial to 3-nitropropionic acid","volume":"107","author":"Nasr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ohio Journal of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-09-03019.1996","article-title":"Chronic 3-nitropropionic acid treatment in baboons replicates the cognitive and motor deficits of Huntington's disease","volume":"16","author":"Palfi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/bmmb.1994.1004","article-title":"An evaluation of the measurement of the activities of complexes I\u2013IV in the respiratory chain of human skeletal muscle mitochondria","volume":"51","author":"Birch-Machin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1039\/b417319h","article-title":"Detection of reactive oxygen species in the skin of live mice and rats exposed to UVA light: a research review on chemiluminescence and trials for UVA protection","volume":"4","author":"Sakurai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences: Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02474.x","article-title":"Direct monitoring of UV-induced free radical generation in HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"32","author":"Aitken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760903062895","article-title":"Direct, real-time monitoring of superoxide generation in isolated mitochondria","volume":"43","author":"Henderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.019","article-title":"Investigating the role of melanin in UVA\/UVB- and hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular and mitochondrial ROS production and mitochondrial DNA damage in human melanoma cells","volume":"52","author":"Swalwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02161.x","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in ageing and carcinogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Birch-Machin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000212Y.0000000011","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of superoxide generation and cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma mitochondria induced by 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline","volume":"17","author":"Boulton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Redox Report: Communications in Free Radical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-679X(01)65006-4","article-title":"Assaying mitochondrial respiratory complex activity in mitochondria isolated from human cells and tissues","volume":"65","author":"Birch-Machin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods in Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib30","series-title":"Mitochondria","author":"Scheffler","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0212-2","article-title":"Fenretinide induces mitochondrial ROS and inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in neuroblastoma","volume":"67","author":"Cuperus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.04.012","article-title":"Response to the increase of oxidative stress and mutation of mitochondrial DNA in aging","volume":"1790","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501559102","article-title":"Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans","volume":"102","author":"Short","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1495","article-title":"Age-related changes in activities of mitochondrial electron transport complexes in various tissues of the mouse","volume":"373","author":"Kwong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00086-5","article-title":"Estimating age of humans based on telomere shortening","volume":"126","author":"Tsuji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2010.517751","article-title":"Implications of using the fluorescent probes, dihydrorhodamine 123 and 2\u2032,7\u2032-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, for the detection of UVA-induced reactive oxygen species","volume":"45","author":"Boulton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H852","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00015.2005","article-title":"Oxidized LDL induces mitochondrially associated reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species formation in endothelial cells","volume":"289","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.05.012","article-title":"Right-ventricular failure is associated with increased mitochondrial complex II activity and production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"75","author":"Redout","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.22","article-title":"Complex II inhibition by 3-NP causes mitochondrial fragmentation and neuronal cell death via an NMDA- and ROS-dependent pathway","volume":"16","author":"Liot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death and Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.11.005","article-title":"The role of complex II in disease","volume":"1827","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5349.349","article-title":"Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells","volume":"279","author":"Bodnar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70109-5","article-title":"Reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells leads to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative life span","volume":"8","author":"Vaziri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.6751","article-title":"Ultraviolet A radiation induces immediate release of iron in human primary skin fibroblasts: the role of ferritin","volume":"96","author":"Pourzand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.009","article-title":"Skin cell protection against UVA by Sideroxyl, a new antioxidant complementary to sunscreens","volume":"49","author":"Pygmalion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radical Biology & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05204g","article-title":"Iron, oxidative stress and the example of solar ultraviolet A radiation","volume":"11","author":"Aroun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences: Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21625","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.31.21625","article-title":"Human cytoplasmic aconitase (iron regulatory protein 1) is converted into its [3Fe\u20134S] form by hydrogen peroxide in vitro but is not activated for iron-responsive element binding","volume":"274","author":"Brazzolotto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2003.08.004","article-title":"Labile iron pool: the main determinant of cellular response to oxidative stress","volume":"531","author":"Kruszewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-7249(02)00041-7","article-title":"Biogenesis of iron\u2013sulfur proteins in eukaryotes: components, mechanism and pathology","volume":"2","author":"Gerber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-237008","article-title":"Comparing the effects of mitochondrial targeted and localized antioxidants with cellular antioxidants in human skin cells exposed to UVA and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"28","author":"Oyewole","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005_bib50","first-page":"701","article-title":"Treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis","volume":"144","author":"Salgo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia: Organo Ufficiale, Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Dermatologia e Sifilografia"}],"container-title":["Redox Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213231714000950?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213231714000950?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T06:01:44Z","timestamp":1761976904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213231714000950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2213231714000950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-2317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-2317","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A role for human mitochondrial complex II in the production of reactive oxygen species in human skin","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Redox Biology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2014.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}