{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:58:35Z","timestamp":1777874315385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013316","name":"Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ER20-1508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER20-1508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reproductive Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T16:01:11Z","timestamp":1766678471000},"page":"109151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Screening potential reproductive and developmental effects of PFAS-free vs. PFAS-containing fire extinguishing agents in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5191-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison M.","family":"Narizzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"East","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline L.","family":"Procell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Bazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith E.","family":"Bohannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Pervitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Michael J.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib1","series-title":"U.S., MIL-PRF-32725(2). Performance Specification. Fire Extinguishing Agent, Fluorine-Free Foam (F3) Liquid Concentrate, for Land-Based, Fresh Water Applications","author":"DoD","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4869","article-title":"Assessing the ecological risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: current state-of-the science and a proposed path forward","volume":"40","author":"Ankley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4890","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research","volume":"40","author":"Fenton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4750","article-title":"Toxicology assessment for six per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS)-free aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) products","volume":"19","author":"Holden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7986","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c01124","article-title":"Sunrise of PFAS replacements: a perspective on fluorine-free foams","volume":"11","author":"Ateia","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustain Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib6","article-title":"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butylene Glycol, Hexylene Glycol, Ethoxydiglycol, and Dipropylene Glycol,","author":"CIR","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib7","first-page":"231","article-title":"Final report on the safety assessment of lauramine oxide and stearamine oxide","author":"CIR","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Toxicol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.05.089","article-title":"Biodegradability and ecotoxicity of amine oxide based surfactants","volume":"69","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.12.003","article-title":"Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE): two- and thirteen-week oral toxicity studies in Fischer 344 rats","volume":"43","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.02.007","article-title":"Toxicological properties and risk assessment of the anionic surfactants category: alkyl sulfates, primary alkane sulfonates, and alpha-olefin sulfonates","volume":"74","author":"Wibbertmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5714","article-title":"Comparative toxicity of seven aqueous film-forming foam to in vitro systems and mus","volume":"42","author":"East","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6078","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03776","article-title":"Acute toxicity of eight aqueous film-forming foams to 14 aquatic species","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108953","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-free aqueous film forming foam formulations: chemical composition and biodegradation in an aerobic environment","volume":"10","author":"Gharehveran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158100","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of PFAS-free AFFF alternatives in terrestrial plant Brassica rapa","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00219","article-title":"Sublethal toxicity of fluorine-free firefighting foams in soil invertebrate caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5765","article-title":"Evaluation of the chronic reproductive toxicity of a fluorine-free firefighting foam and a short-chain fluorinated foam to northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)","volume":"43","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5398","article-title":"Acute oral toxicity of nonfluorinated fire-fighting foams to northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)","volume":"41","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5979","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance-free firefighting foams to aquatic organisms","volume":"43","author":"Fuller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib19","series-title":"DEVCOM CBC-TR-1813. Toxicity of Fire-Fighting Foams to Soil Invertebrates Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida","author":"CCBC","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib20","series-title":"DEVCOM CBC-TR-1936.Determination of Chronic Toxicity of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Replacements to Soil Invertebrates and Terrestrial Plants","author":"CCBC","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11030280","article-title":"Integrating \"One Health\" concepts in the design of sustainable systems for environmental use","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib22","series-title":"OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, Health Effects, Test No. 422: Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction\/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test","author":"OECD","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib23","series-title":"Peromyscus - A Fascinating Laboratory Animal Model, in AALAS Tech Talk","author":"Crossland","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59012-4","article-title":"The effect of group size, age and handling frequency on inter-male aggression in CD 1 mice","volume":"10","author":"Jirkof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib25","article-title":"To Group or Not to Group? Good Practice for Housing Male Laboratory Mice","volume":"7","author":"Kappel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib26","series-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","author":"NRC","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib27","author":"CFR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxic. Subst. Control Act. (TSCA) 792 Good Lab. Pract. Stand. Title 40"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib28","series-title":"Toxicology Report No. S.0079790-21 and S.0082073-21-22. Ecotoxicity of New Film-Forming Foams: Acute and Subacute Toxicity Tests in Mus musculus","author":"APHC","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4667","article-title":"Key considerations for accurate exposures in ecotoxicological assessments of perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates","volume":"40","author":"Rewerts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib30","first-page":"579","article-title":"Collaborative behavioral teratology study: protocol design and testing procedures","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod17.2.298","article-title":"Preputial separation as an external sign of pubertal development in the male rat","volume":"17","author":"Korenbrot","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/15476910701337688","article-title":"Comparison of primary immune responses to SRBC and KLH in rodents","volume":"4","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2016.1219893","article-title":"An extended one-generation reproductive toxicity test of 1,2,4-Triazol-5-one (NTO) in rats","volume":"79","author":"Lent","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib34","series-title":"Multi-species hormone magnetic bead panel","author":"Millipore","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib35","series-title":"Immunosorbent ASsay for quantitative detection of mouse IgM","article-title":"Enzyme-linked","author":"Invitrogen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490465874","article-title":"Relationships between organ weight and body\/brain weight in the rat: what is the best analytical endpoint?","volume":"32","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63465-y","article-title":"Determining organ weight toxicity with Bayesian causal models: improving on the analysis of relative organ weights","volume":"10","author":"Lazic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib38","series-title":"Generalized Additive Models. An Introduction with R","author":"Wood","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6876","article-title":"Hierarchical generalized additive models in ecology: an introduction with mgcv","volume":"7","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021","article-title":"Dose-response analysis using R","volume":"10","author":"Ritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10557","article-title":"bmd: an R package for benchmark dose estimation","volume":"8","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-012-0058-y","article-title":"Fertility and developmental toxicity studies of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE) in rats","volume":"25","author":"Sitarek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J. Occup. Med Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib43","unstructured":"USEPA, Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (DGBE, CASRN 112-34-5). 2009, Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center: Cincinnati, OH."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1917-2","article-title":"Comparative hepatotoxicity of 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, two fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, on adult male mice","volume":"91","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib45","series-title":"Toxicology Report No. S.0089968-23. Analysis of Kinetics and Potential Biotransformation of PFAS in Peromyscus with an Updated Dataset","author":"APHC","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5151","article-title":"Patterns in serum toxicokinetics in peromyscus exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"40","author":"Narizzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151_bib47","unstructured":"UNECE, The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). 2017: New York and Geneva."}],"container-title":["Reproductive Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890623825003223?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890623825003223?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T19:35:18Z","timestamp":1777577718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890623825003223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0890623825003223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-6238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-6238","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Screening potential reproductive and developmental effects of PFAS-free vs. PFAS-containing fire extinguishing agents in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reproductive Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.109151","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109151"}}