{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T02:36:19Z","timestamp":1794364579988,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101057622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reproductive Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:47:40Z","timestamp":1790725660000},"page":"109370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Strain-dependent effects of long-term exposure to 27.5\u202fGHz 5\u202fG millimeter waves on male reproductive outcomes in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Palone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Novelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Pasquali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"De Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Fratini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Tanori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Piscitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Merla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Ardoino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zambotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Camera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Pazzaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"Capstick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Samaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariateresa","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.09.025","article-title":"Effects of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on in-dicators of vitality and DNA integrity of in vitro exposed boar semen","volume":"230","author":"Butkovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040594","article-title":"Genotoxic risks to male reproductive health from radiofrequency radiation","volume":"12","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.11.004","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by modern cellphones on sperm motility and viability: an in vitro study","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.70107","article-title":"Oxidative stress and testicular damage induced by chronic exposure to 35.5 GHz millimeter wave radiation in male Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"Gautam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102471","article-title":"Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF exposure alters testicular immune balance, apoptotic gene expression, and sperm function in rats","volume":"13","author":"Syed Taha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2024.1515166","article-title":"Histopathologic effects of mobile phone radiation exposure on the testes and sperm parameters: a systematic literature review of animal studies","volume":"6","author":"Assefa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108509","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on male fertility: A systematic review of experimental studies on non-human mammals and human sperm in vitro","volume":"185","author":"Cordelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01220-4","article-title":"The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofre-quency radiation provide no assurance of safety","volume":"24","author":"Melnick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108817","article-title":"The effects of radiofrequency exposure on male fertility: a systematic review of human observational studies with dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"190","author":"Pw Kenny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2025.2480664","article-title":"The effects of radiofrequency radiation on male reproductive health and potential mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Bektas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109751","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses for the WHO assessment of health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, an introduction","volume":"203","author":"Verbeek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICNIRP. Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz), Health Phys, 118 (5) (2020) 483-524, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hp.0000000000001210.","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Emerging Newly Identified Health Risks, Opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 36 (6) (2015) 480-4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.21930.","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21930"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2024.2347354","article-title":"Absorption of 5G sub-6\u2009GHz electromagnetic radiation from base station to male reproduction system","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/11.10.1711","article-title":"Genetics of chemical carcinogenesis. 1. Bidirectional selective breeding of susceptible and resistant lines of mice to two-stage skin carcinogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Bangrazi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.2.337","article-title":"Effect of genetic modification of acute inflammatory responsiveness on tumorigenesis in the mouse","volume":"19","author":"Biozzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2002)158[0078:TGCOCA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The genetic control of chemically and radiation-induced skin tumorigenesis: a study with carcinogenesis-susceptible and carcinogenesis-resistant mice","volume":"158","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2010.02.013","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of inflammatory response and skin tumorigenesis in phenotypically selected mouse lines","volume":"295","author":"Galvan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib19","first-page":"35","article-title":"Only a Subset of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted mouse skin papillomas are promotable by benzoyl peroxide","volume":"548","author":"Mancuso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004729","article-title":"Genetic variation and population substructure in outbred CD-1 mice: implications for genome-wide association studies","volume":"4","author":"Aldinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09523-x","article-title":"Characterization of a strain-specific CD-1 reference genome reveals potential inter- and intra-strain functional variability","volume":"24","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115879","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mouse strains for in vivo induction of reprogramming factors","volume":"44","author":"Pic\u00f3","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3727\/105221618X15337408678723","article-title":"Stress of strains in inbred mice","volume":"19","author":"Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene Expr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilu036","article-title":"Evidence should trump intuition by preferring inbred strains to outbred stocks in preclinical research","volume":"55","author":"Festing","year":"2014","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22116","article-title":"Effect of cell phone radiofrequency radiation on body temperature in rodents: pilot studies of the national toxicology program\u2019s reverberation chamber exposure system","volume":"39","author":"Wyde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib26","first-page":"219","article-title":"Assessment of sperm motility with the use of computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA)","volume":"2897","author":"van der Horst","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib27","first-page":"744","article-title":"Plasma testosterone levels in C57Bl\/6J male mice: effects of age and disease","volume":"80","author":"Nelson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0987.1","article-title":"Genetic damage in mammalian somatic cells exposed to radiofrequency radiation: a meta-analysis of data from 63 publications (1990\u20132005)","volume":"169","author":"Vijayalaxmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5455\/oams.240314.ed.002","article-title":"Low intensity radiofrequency radiation: a new oxidant for living cells","volume":"3","author":"Yakymenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Antioxid. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib30","unstructured":"SEAWave Consortium. SEAWave Project: Report on the Biological Effects of 5G FR2 Exposure. SEAWave Consortium, 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.seawave-project.eu."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183406","article-title":"5G wireless communication and health effects\u2014a pragmatic review based on available studies regarding 6\u2013100 GHz","volume":"16","author":"Simk\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006446","article-title":"Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro","volume":"4","author":"De Iuliis","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-010-9156-0","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductive pattern in male wistar rats","volume":"164","author":"Kesari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000600011","article-title":"Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9\/1.8GHZ) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats","volume":"64","author":"Mailankot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib35","first-page":"187","volume":"1885","author":"Belyaev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mattioli"},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.07.019","article-title":"Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: an international perspective","volume":"242","author":"Belpomme","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12088","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects","volume":"17","author":"Pall","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MPEL.2015.2508699","article-title":"Some effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems: RF fields can change radical concentrations and cancer cell growth rates","volume":"3","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Power Electron. Mag."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1021\/es0101227","article-title":"Something from \u201cNothing\u201d\u2014eight weak estrogenic chemicals combined at concentrations below noecs produce significant mixture effects","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Reproductive Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890623826002133?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890623826002133?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:55:54Z","timestamp":1791420954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890623826002133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0890623826002133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-6238"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-6238","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Strain-dependent effects of long-term exposure to 27.5\u202fGHz 5\u202fG millimeter waves on male reproductive outcomes in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reproductive Toxicology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2026.109370","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109370"}}